| 词条 | Science (journal) |
| 释义 |
| title = Science | cover = | caption = Cover of the first volume of the first series (discontinued 1882) | editor = Jeremy M. Berg | discipline = Multidisciplinary | abbreviation = Science | publisher = American Association for the Advancement of Science | country = United States | frequency = Weekly | history = 1880–present | openaccess = Delayed[1] | license = | impact = 37.205 | impact-year = 2016 | website = http://www.sciencemag.org/ | link1 = http://www.sciencemag.org/content/current | link1-name = Online access | link2 = http://www.sciencemag.org/content/by/year | link2-name = Online archives | JSTOR = 00368075 | OCLC = 1644869 | LCCN = 17024346 | CODEN = SCIEAS | ISSN = 0036-8075 | eISSN = 1095-9203 }}Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine,[2] is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science[3][4] (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.[5] It was first published in 1880, is currently circulated weekly and has a subscriber base of around 130,000. Because institutional subscriptions and online access serve a larger audience, its estimated readership is 570,400 people.[6] The major focus of the journal is publishing important original scientific research and research reviews, but Science also publishes science-related news, opinions on science policy and other matters of interest to scientists and others who are concerned with the wide implications of science and technology. Unlike most scientific journals, which focus on a specific field, Science and its rival Nature cover the full range of scientific disciplines. According to the Journal Citation Reports, Science{{'}}s 2015 impact factor was 34.661.[7] Although it is the journal of the AAAS, membership in the AAAS is not required to publish in Science. Papers are accepted from authors around the world. Competition to publish in Science is very intense, as an article published in such a highly cited journal can lead to attention and career advancement for the authors. Fewer than 7% of articles submitted are accepted for publication. Science is based in Washington, D.C., United States, with a second office in Cambridge, UK. HistoryScience was founded by New York journalist John Michels in 1880 with financial support from Thomas Edison and later from Alexander Graham Bell.[8][9] (Edison received favorable editorial treatment in return, without disclosure of the financial relationship, at a time when his reputation was suffering due to delays producing the promised commercially viable light bulb.[10]) However, the journal never gained enough subscribers to succeed and ended publication in March 1882. Entomologist Samuel H. Scudder resurrected the journal one year later and had some success while covering the meetings of prominent American scientific societies, including the AAAS.[11] However, by 1894, Science was again in financial difficulty and was sold to psychologist James McKeen Cattell for $500.{{fact|date=May 2018}} In an agreement worked out by Cattell and AAAS secretary Leland O. Howard, Science became the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1900.[12] During the early part of the 20th century important articles published in Science included papers on fruit fly genetics by Thomas Hunt Morgan, gravitational lensing by Albert Einstein, and spiral nebulae by Edwin Hubble.[13] After Cattell died in 1944, the ownership of the journal was transferred to the AAAS.[14] After Cattell's death in 1944, the journal lacked a consistent editorial presence until Graham DuShane became editor in 1956. In 1958, under DuShane's leadership, Science absorbed The Scientific Monthly, thus increasing the journal's circulation by over 60% from 38,000 to more than 61,000.[15] Physicist Philip Abelson, a co-discoverer of neptunium, served as editor from 1962 to 1984. Under Abelson the efficiency of the review process was improved and the publication practices were brought up to date.[15] During this time, papers on the Apollo program missions and some of the earliest reports on AIDS were published.[16] Biochemist Daniel E. Koshland, Jr. served as editor from 1985 until 1995. From 1995 until 2000, neuroscientist Floyd E. Bloom held that position.[16] Biologist Donald Kennedy became the editor of Science in 2000. Biochemist Bruce Alberts took his place in March 2008.[17] Geophysicist Marcia McNutt became editor-in-chief in June 2013.[18] During her tenure the family of journals expanded to include Science Robotics and Science Immunology,[19] and open access publishing with Science Advances.[20] Jeremy M. Berg became editor-in-chief on July 1, 2016.[21] In February 2001, draft results of the human genome were simultaneously published by Nature and Science with Science publishing the Celera Genomics paper and Nature publishing the publicly funded Human Genome Project. In 2007 Science (together with Nature) received the Prince of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanity.[22] In 2015 Rush D. Holt, Jr., chief executive officer of the AAAS and executive publisher of Science, stated that the journal was becoming increasingly international: "[I]nternationally co-authored papers are now the norm—they represent almost 60 percent of the papers. In 1992, it was slightly less than 20 percent."[23] Family of journalsThe Science family of journals includes Science, Science Translational Medicine, Science Signaling, and Science Advances. In 2015, Holt announced another expansion: Science Robotics and Science Immunology would begin publication in mid-2016.[24] AvailabilityThe latest editions of the journal are available online, through the main journal website, only to subscribers, AAAS members, and for delivery to IP addresses at institutions that subscribe; students, K–12 teachers, and some others can subscribe at a reduced fee. However, research articles published after 1997 are available for free (with online registration) one year after they are published i.e. delayed open access.[1] Significant public-health related articles are also available for free, sometimes immediately after publication. AAAS members may also access the pre-1997 Science archives at the Science website, where it is called "Science Classic". Institutions can opt to add Science Classic to their subscriptions for an additional fee. Some older articles can also be accessed via JSTOR and ProQuest. The journal also participates in initiatives that provide free or low-cost access to readers in developing countries, including HINARI, OARE, AGORA, and Scidev.net. Other features of the Science website include the free "ScienceNow" section with "up to the minute news from science",[25] and "ScienceCareers", which provides free career resources for scientists and engineers. See also{{Portal|Science}}
References1. ^1 {{cite web|title=Science Journals: editorial policies|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/authors/science-journals-editorial-policies|website=Science|publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science|accessdate=13 May 2018|language=en|date=31 January 2018|quote=Original research papers are freely accessible with registration on the Science Journal’s website 12 months after publication}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/sciencemagazine |title=Science Magazine |publisher=Aaas.org |accessdate=February 8, 2013}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2007/0705spain_award.shtml |title=AAAS – AAAS News Release |publisher=Aaas.org |accessdate=May 15, 2010}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.aaas.org/publications/annual_report/2000/science.html |title=AAAS Annual Report-Science |publisher=Aaas.org |accessdate=May 15, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525043718/http://www.aaas.org/publications/annual_report/2000/science.html |archivedate=May 25, 2010 |df=mdy-all }} 5. ^{{cite news | last = Lemonick | first =Michael D. | quote =The paper, meanwhile, had been published in Science, one of the world's top scientific journals, which gave it even more apparent gravitas. | title =Alien Life Discovered in a Meteorite! Or Maybe No | publisher =Time magazine online | date =March 7, 2011 | url =http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,2057461,00.html#ixzz1ZhW1Cy1p | format =online web page | accessdate =October 3, 2011}} 6. ^AAAS, "2014 Science Media Kit" 7. ^{{cite book |year=2016 |chapter=Science |title=2015 Journal Citation Reports |publisher=Thomson Reuters |edition=Science |series=Web of Science|title-link=Journal Citation Reports }} 8. ^{{cite journal |author= |date= 7 February 1947 |title= Thomas A. Edison and the Founding of Science: 1880 |journal= Science |volume= 105 |issue= 2719 |pages= 142–148 |doi=10.1126/science.105.2719.142 |pmid= 17813458 |quote=a weekly journal devoted mainly to physical science and invention, entitled Science, and Mr. [A. Graham] Bell purchased from Mr. John Michels for $5,000 the title and good will of this journal. Continuity of the publication was not, however, maintained, and the present journal [Science] dates from 1883. Mr. Thomas A. Edison had been responsible for the foundation of the earlier Science}} 9. ^{{cite book |last1= Grosvenor |first1=Edwin S |last2=Wesson |first2= Morgan |date= 13 May 2016 |chapter= |title= Alexander Graham Bell |publisher= New Word City |isbn= 978-1612309842 |quote= In 1881, the old rivalry between Bell and Thomas Edison spilled over into the field of publishing. Science Magazine had been founded the year before with funding from Edison, but the frugal inventor soon tired of the deficits and withheld support. Bell had written for the magazine and respected its editorial quality. He felt that Science, like the British Nature, appealed to a broad audience interested in current research. In 1882, he and Gardiner Hubbard acquired the rights to Science and hired as editor a respected young entomologist and riter named Sam Scudder, who happened to be a Hubbard cousin.}} 10. ^{{cite book |title=American Eclipse |author=David Baron |year=2017 |publisher=Liveright |page=224 |isbn=9781631490163}} 11. ^AAAS, "150 Years of Advancing Science: A History of AAAS. Origins: 1848–1899", 2004 12. ^AAAS, "150 Years of Advancing Science: A History of AAAS. AAAS and Science: 1900–1940", 2004 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://archives.aaas.org/exhibit/science5.php |title=150 Years of Advancing Science: A History of AAAS. AAAS and Science: 1900–1940 |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |accessdate=August 27, 2006}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://archives.aaas.org/exhibit/ |title=Online Exhibits |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |accessdate=August 27, 2006}} 15. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://archives.aaas.org/exhibit/maturing3.php |title=150 Years of Advancing Science: A History of AAAS. AAAS and the Maturing of American Science: 1941–1970 |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |accessdate=October 3, 2013}} 16. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://archives.aaas.org/exhibit/change3.php |title=150 Years of Advancing Science: A History of AAAS. Change and Continuity: 1971 to the Present |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |accessdate=August 27, 2006}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2007/1217alberts.shtml |title= Bruce Alberts Named New Editor-in-Chief of Science |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |date=December 17, 2007 |author=Pinholster, Ginger}} 18. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.sciencemag.org/2013/04/marcia-mcnutt-bringing-her-intellectual-energy-science |date=April 2, 2013 |title=Marcia McNutt Bringing Her 'Intellectual Energy' to Science |author=Gramling, Carolyn |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |work=Science |accessdate=September 21, 2013}} 19. ^{{cite press release|title=AAAS to Expand the Science Family of Journals by Launching Two New Journals: Science Robotics and Science Immunology|author=Pinholster, Ginger|date=October 20, 2015|publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science|url=http://www.aaas.org/news/aaas-expand-science-family-journals-launching-two-new-journals-science-robotics-and-science|accessdate=November 17, 2015}} 20. ^{{cite web |url=http://blogs.nature.com/news/2014/02/aaas-announces-open-access-journal.html |title=AAAS announces open-access journal |work=Nature |date=12 February 2014 |accessdate=12 February 2015 |author=Van Noorden, Richard}} 21. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/05/jeremy-berg-named-science-editor-chief|title=Jeremy Berg named Science editor-in-chief|author=Kaiser, Jocelyn|date=May 25, 2016|accessdate=July 1, 2016|publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science|journal=Science}} 22. ^Journal Science. Fundacionprincipedeasturias.org. Retrieved on 2013-06-20. 23. ^{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/scientific-drivers-for-diplomacy |journal=Science and Diplomacy |date=June 29, 2015 |title=Scientific Drivers for Diplomacy |first=Rush |last=Holt}} 24. ^{{cite press release |title=AAAS to Expand the Science Family of Journals by Launching Two New Journals: Science Robotics and Science Immunology |author=Pinholster, Ginger |date=October 20, 2015 |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |url=http://www.aaas.org/news/aaas-expand-science-family-journals-launching-two-new-journals-science-robotics-and-science |accessdate=November 17, 2015}} 25. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/ |title=ScienceNow |accessdate=September 1, 2011 |work=Science}} External links{{Commons category|Science (journal)}}{{Wikisource}}
7 : 1880 establishments in the United States|American Association for the Advancement of Science academic journals|English-language journals|Multidisciplinary academic journals|Multidisciplinary scientific journals|Publications established in 1880|Weekly journals |
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