1. Ancient

2. Present
    Vowels and syllabic consonants  Observations  Consonants  Observations  Nasal consonants and nasalisation  Avagraha (ऽ)  Schwa deletion  Vowel nasalization  Schwa rules 

3. See also

4. Citations

Konkani alphabets refers to the five different scripts (Devanagari, Roman, Kannada, Malayalam and Perso-Arabic scripts) currently used to write the Konkani language.

As of 1987, the "Goan Antruz dialect" in the Devanagari script has been declared Standard Konkani and promulgated as an official language in the Indian state of Goa.^[1][2] As Konkani in the Roman script is not mandated as an official script by law. However, an ordinance passed by the government of Goa allows the use of Roman script for official communication. This ordinance has been put into effect by various ministries in varying degrees. For example, the Goa Panchayat Rules, 1996 stipulate that the various forms used in the election process must be in both the Roman and Devanagari script.

Ancient

The earliest inscription in Konkani in Goykanadi script (extinct now) is of the Gupta period in the 2nd century CE found at Aravalem, Goa. It reads

(On the top of Shachipura)

The famous inscription at the foot of the colossal Jain monolith Gomaṭēśvara (Bāhubali) Konkani: gomṭo - pretty masc., īśvar - God at Shravanabelagola of 981 CE reads,

(Chavundaraya got it done, Gangaraya got it done again.)^[3]

At the foot of the Gommateshwara at Shravanabelagola there are two inscriptions. One on the right foot and one on the left. On the right foot the inscription is written in old Kannada. On the left foot it is in Devanagari.

Present

The rules for writing Konkani in the Devanagari script are elucidated in a book released by the Goa Konkani Academy titled kōṅkaṇī śuddhalēkhanācē nēm. While the rules for writing Konkani in the Roman script are elucidated in a book titled thomas sṭīvans koṅkaṇi kēndr Romi Lipi by writer Pratap Naik, released by Konkani singer Ullās Buyā̃v at Dalgado Konkani Academy.

Vowels and syllabic consonants

Observations

• ॠ, ऌ and ॡ are rarely used in Konkani except to render tatsam words. e.g. कॣप्त (imagined-derivative of कल्पना)
• अ, ओ and ऒ are rendered in the Roman script by O. Under Portuguese rule, the Konkani language was modified to fit the Roman syllabary system. As a result, Portuguese orthography has eliminated or deformed original Konkani sounds.^[4] e.g.
  1. अ - करता kartā is written as korta or even corta (sometimes it is nasalised to cortam)
  2. ओ - दोन dōn is written as don.
  3. ऒ - पॊरनॆं pornẽ is written as pornem
  4. Both आ and ऍ are rendered by A and E respectively in the Roman script.
  5. आ - हांव hā̃v is written as hanv or Anv
  6. ऍ - कॅनरा kænarā is written as Kanara or Canara.
  7. Devanagari is the only script which has a separate letter for the vowel æ, ऍ.

Consonants

Observations

• ಚ and ച in the Kannada and Malayalam scripts respectively, render two sounds, (c) and (t͡ʃ).
• ಜ and ജ in the Kannada and Malayalam scripts respectively, render two sounds, (ɟ) and (d͡ʒ).
• In the Roman script, a retroflex consonant is got by simply doubling the corresponding dental consonant; e.g. त - ta, ट - Tta.
• Roman Konkani does not distinguish between श and ष. Both are written as Sha or Xa and pronounced as श.
• Roman Konkani does not distinguish between फ and फ़. Both are normally written as F and pronounced accordingly. e.g. tomorrow फाल्लॆक (phāllek)- fallek (fāllek)
• ن nūn in the Nawayati Konkani script not only is a separate consonant, but also performs the role of the anusvāra. It indicates a homorganic nasal preceding another consonant; e.g. رنگ raṅg, انڈو aṇḍo. It also undergoes nasalisation; e.g. ہازؤ hāṃv.
• ع, 'ayin غ ghayin and ح he in the Nawayati Konkani script are used for incorporated Perso-Arabic words.

Nasal consonants and nasalisation

In Konkani, the {{IAST|anusvāra|}} ं {{IAST|ṃ|}} is traditionally defined as representing a nasal stop homorganic to a following plosive,({{lang|hi-Latn|anunāsika}}) and also vowel nasalisation. The precise phonetic value of the phoneme is dependent on the phonological environment.^[5] Word-finally, it is realized as nasalization of the preceding vowel (e.g. {{lang|knn-Latn|bā̃yi}} {{IPA|[bãːyi]}}, "a well"). It results in vowel nasalization also medially between a short vowel and a non-obstruent ({{lang|hi-Latn|tũvẽ}} {{IPA|[tʊ̃ʋe]}} "you (acc.)". It is pronounced as a homorganic nasal, with the preceding vowel becoming nasalized allophonically, in the following cases: between a long vowel and a voiced stop ({{lang|knn-Latn|tāṃbo}} {{IPA|[taːmbo]}} "copper", {{lang|knn-Latn|cāṃdī}} {{IPA|[tʃaːndiː]}} "silver"), between a long vowel and a voiceless stop ({{lang|knn-Latn|dāṃt}} {{IPA|[daːnt]}} "tooth"), and also between a short vowel and an obstruent ({{lang|knn-Latn|sāṃbayi-}} {{IPA|[saːmbay]}} "to support", The last rule has two sets of exceptions where the {{lang|knn-Latn|anusvāra|}} effects only a nasalization of the preceding short vowel. Words from the first set are morphologically derived from words with a long nasalized vowel ({{lang|knn-Latn|mā̃s}} {{IPA|[mãs]}}, "meat". In such cases the vowel is sometimes denasalized ({{IPA|[maːs]}}. The second set is composed of a few words like ({{lang|knn-Latn|pā̃vcẽ}} {{IPA|[pãʋtʃɛ̃]}}, "to arrive".)

Avagraha (ऽ)

Konkani is one of the few modern Indo-Aryan languages to apply the avagraha beyond mere sustenance of an exclamation, cry or shout in speech. It is used by verbs in continuous tense. The avagraha is not used in Standard Konkani in the continuous tense. Its use is however popular and prevalent amongst the Canara Saraswats, both Gaud and Bhanap, writing in their native Amchigele dialect, in the continuous tense with the aim of conforming to the schwa deletion rule.^[6]

(According to the schwa deletion rule in Indo-Aryan languages, करत आसा will be read as karat āsā and not as karta'sā as prevalent pronunciation is.)

The avagraha is also used to mark the non-elision of word-final inherent a, which otherwise is a modern orthographic convention: बैसऽ baisa "sit" versus बैस bais.

Schwa deletion

The schwa deletion or schwa syncope phenomenon plays a crucial role in Konkani and several other Indo-Aryan languages, where schwas implicit in the written scripts of those languages are obligatorily deleted for correct pronunciation.^[7][8] Schwa syncope is extremely important in these languages for intelligibility and unaccented speech. It also presents a challenge to non-native speakers and speech synthesis software because the scripts, including Nagar Barap, do not provide indicators of where schwas should be dropped.^[9]

This means the schwa ('ə') implicit in each consonant of the script is "obligatorily deleted" at the end of words and in certain other contexts, unlike in Sanskrit. This phenomenon has been termed the "schwa syncope rule" or the "schwa deletion rule" of Konkani. In other words, when a vowel-preceded consonant is followed by a vowel-succeeded consonant, the schwa inherent in the first consonant is deleted.^[10] However, this formalization is inexact and incomplete (i.e. sometimes deletes a schwa when it shouldn't or, at other times, fails to delete it when it should), and can yield errors. Schwa deletion is computationally important because it is essential to building text-to-speech software for Konkani.^[10] Without the appropriate deletion of schwas, any speech output would sound unnatural.

As a result of schwa syncope, the Konkani pronunciation of many words differs from that expected from a literal Sanskrit-style rendering of Devanagari. For instance, करता is kartā not karatā, आपयता is āpaytā not āpayatā', वेद is vēd not vēda and मिरसांग is mirsāṅg not mirasāṅga.

For instance, the letter sequence ळब is pronounced differently in मळब maḷab "sky" and मळबार maḷbār "in the sky". While native speakers correctly pronounce the sequences differently in different contexts, non-native speakers and voice-synthesis software can make them "sound very unnatural", making it "extremely difficult for the listener" to grasp the intended meaning.{{Clarify|reason=source of quotations is missing|date=August 2014}}

Vowel nasalization

With some words that contain /n/ or /m/ consonants separated from succeeding consonants by schwas, the schwa deletion process has the effect of nasalizing any preceding vowels. Some examples in Konkani include:

• jẽvaṇ => jẽvlo

Schwa rules

1. The final inherent अ is generally omitted; e.g. देव is dēv not dēva.
2. In a word of three letters ending with a vowel other than the inherent अ, if the second consonant ends in अ, then the अ of the second consonant is silenced. e.g. चॆरकॊ is cerko not cerako.
3. In a word of four letters ending with a vowel other than the inherent अ, the second consonant, if it ends in अ, then the अ of the second consonant is silenced. e.g. उपकार is upkār not upakāra.
4. Verb roots always end in a consonant even if they undergo declination. e.g. आपंव +चॆं= आपंवचॆं, hence one says āpãvcẽ not āpãvacẽ , आपय+ता=आपयता, hence we say āpaytā not āpayatā

See also

• Canara Konkani
• Konkani phonology
• Konkani language
• Konkani language agitation

Citations

• Lincroft (microprocessor)
• L'incroyable Verite
• L'incroyable Vérité
• Lincs FM 102.2
• Lincs FM group
• Lincs Wind Farm
• LincVolt
• Linc Volt
• Linc volt
• Linda (1960 film)
• Linda Abril Educational Academy
• Linda Abu Meri
• Linda Addison (author)
• Linda Addison (lawyer)
• Linda Addison (poet)
• Linda A. McRae
• Linda A. Morabito-Kelly
• Linda and Merton Sisneros
• Linda and Morris Tannehill
• Linda Andre
• Linda Andrews (singer)
• Linda and Ruthie
• Linda and Stephen Stotch
• Linda Ann Hopkins
• Linda Ann Judson Richards