| 词条 | Koreanic languages |
| 释义 |
|name=Koreanic |familycolor=Altaic |family=One of the world's primary language families |region=South Korea, North Korea, Northeast China, Far East Russia |child1=? Koguryoic |child2=? Han |glotto=kore1284 |glottorefname=Koreanic |map =File:Three Kingdoms of Korea Map.png |mapcaption = During the 5th century AD, the languages of or related to those of the Korean peninsula were spoken in the Three Kingdoms of Korea – a wider area than modern Korea. }} The Koreanic languages are a language family consisting of the modern Korean language together with extinct ancient relatives. The language of Jeju Island, considered by some as a dialect of modern Korean, is distinct enough to be considered a language in its own right by other authorities. This would make Korean and Jeju a small language family. External relationshipsAmong extant languages, Korean is considered by most linguists to be a language isolate, though it is commonly included by proponents of the now generally rejected Altaic family.[1] Alexander Vovin (2015)[2] notes that Koreanic shares some typological features with the four Paleosiberian language groups (e.g. lack of phonemic voiced stops, verb compounding, earlier ergativity), and suggests that it actually has more in common with "Paleosiberian" (which is a geographical and areal grouping rather a genetic one) than with the putative Altaic group. Koreanic also has some loanwords from Paleosiberian languages.[3] Vovin notes that Koreanic has some Tungusic loanwords, but is not genetically related to Tungusic. Some place names in at least Goguryeo and Silla territory, as well as on Jeju Island, are explicable as Japonic, but loans from the Goguryeo language, and texts of the Silla language, do not share these Japonic elements, suggesting that the attested languages of the Korean peninsula were all Koreanic, and that Koreanic languages displaced Japonic languages throughout the peninsula.[4] (See also Gaya language.) The unclassified Khitan language has some vocabulary similar to that of Korean and not found in the Mongolian or Tungusic languages. This suggests a strong Korean presence or influence on Khitan.[5] ClassificationThe periodization of the historical stages of Korean is as follows:
Ancient Koreanic languages{{also|Old Korean}}Several ancient languages of the Korean peninsula—Silla, Buyeo, Goguryeo, Dongye, Okjeo, Baekje, Gojoseon and Ye-Maek—may have been ancestral to, related to, or part of Old Korean. Two branches are sometimes posited, Koguryoic and Han.[6] In ancient times, Koreanic languages, then established in southern Manchuria and the northern Korean peninsula, expanded southward to the central and southern Korean peninsula, displacing the Japonic languages spoken there and possibly causing the Yayoi migrations.[7][8][9][10][11] There is disagreement over the protohistorical or historical period during which this expansion occurred, ranging from the Korean Bronze Age period to the Three Kingdoms of Korea period. Modern Koreanic languages{{further information|Korean dialects|Jeju language}}Modern Korean is traditionally considered a single language. However, Jeju (Cheju) is sometimes classified as a distinct language, for example in the UNESCO atlas on endangered languages. If that is accepted, there are two modern Koreanic languages, Jeju and Korean proper.[12] Members
Languages with uncertain placement:
See also
References1. ^{{Cite book|title=The Making of the Korean Language|last=Kim|first=Chin-Wu|publisher=Center for Korean Studies, University of Hawai'i|year=1974|isbn=|location=|pages=}} {{Altaic languages}}{{Asia in topic|Languages of}}{{Language families}}2. ^{{Cite book|first=Alexander|last=Vovin|contribution=Korean as a Paleosiberian Language|url=https://www.academia.edu/18764127|access-date=2016-11-06|title=알타이할시리즈 2|year=2015|isbn=978-8-955-56053-4}} 3. ^Vovin, Alexander. 2003. ‘Etymological notes on some Paleosiberian and Tungusic loanwords in Korean’, in Proceedings for Korean Language and Culture 5/6: 57-60, St. Petersburg, Russia. 4. ^{{cite journal |first=Alexander |last=Vovin |year=2013 |title=From Koguryǒ to T'amna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean |journal=Korean Linguistics |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=222–240 |doi=10.1075/kl.15.2.03vov }} 5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Vovin|first=Alexander|date=June 2017|title=Koreanic loanwords in Khitan and their importance in the decipherment of the latter|journal=Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae|volume=70|issue=2|pages=207–215|doi=10.1556/062.2017.70.2.4|issn=0001-6446}} 6. ^Young Kyun Oh, 2005. Old Chinese and Old Sino-Korean 7. ^{{cite book|last1=Bellwood|first1=Peter|title=The Global Prehistory of Human Migration|date=2013|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|location=Malden|isbn=9781118970591}} 8. ^{{cite journal|last1=Vovin|first1=Alexander|title=From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean|journal=Korean Linguistics|date=2013|volume=15|issue=2|pages=222–240}} 9. ^{{cite book|last1=Lee|first1=Ki-Moon|last2=Ramsey|first2=S. Robert|title=A History of the Korean language|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-66189-8}} 10. ^{{cite journal|last1=Whitman|first1=John|title=Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan|journal=Rice|date=2011|volume=4|issue=3–4|pages=149–158}} 11. ^{{cite book|last1=Unger|first1=J. Marshall|title=The role of contact in the origins of the Japanese and Korean languages|date=2009|publisher=University of Hawai?i Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-8248-3279-7}} 12. ^Janhunen, Juha, 1996. Manchuria: an ethnic history 6 : Koreanic languages|History of the Korean language|Languages of Korea|Altaic languages|Language families|Buyeo languages |
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