| 词条 | Kotohira Jinsha v. McGrath |
| 释义 |
| name = Kotohira Jinsha v. McGrath | court = United States District Court for the District of Hawaii | image = | imagesize = | caption = | full name = Kotohira Jinsha v. McGrath, Attorney General | date decided = June 5, 1950 | citations = 90 F.Supp. 892 | transcripts = | judge = Joseph F. McLaughlin | prior actions = | subsequent actions = | holding = Infringement of the First Amendment by the Federal Government. The Federal Government had no basis to use the Trading with the Enemy Act. Return of property seized by the Federal Government. | keywords = }} Kotohira Jinsha v. McGrath, Attorney General,. (90 F. Supp. 892) was a District court case allowing Shinto Shrines to reopen following World War II. BackgroundKotohira Jinsha Shrine was established in 1920. December 7, 1941 the Empire of Japan attacked Pearl Harbor thereafter practice of Shinto was banned by marshal law, throughout the war clergy are deported to Japan or transferred to the U.S. mainland. October 24, 1944 martial law was lifted in Hawaii. September 2, 1945 Japan surrenders and World War II is over. December 15, 1945 Shinto Directive abolishes State Shinto, Japan’s state religion. April 6, 1946 without a clergy, the remaining ministry closes Kotohira Jinsha CaseDecember 31, 1947 with declining tensions towards Japanese tradition, Shintos reopen Kotohira Jinsha despite the absence of a clergy. June 1, 1948 federal officers raided the shrine under the Trading with the Enemy Act the seize the Kotohira Jinsha property and making arrests. March 4, 1949 the Federal Government announces the sale of the seized Kotohira Jinsha property. April 4, 1949 Kotohira Jinsha reacted by hiring law firm, Robertson, Castle & Anthony. March 31, 1949 Kotohira Jinsha files lawsuit against the Attorney General’s office (held by J. Howard McGrath) for misusing Section 9 of the Trading with the Enemy Act against a civilian organization and not under the influence of the Japanese government. March 27, 1950 The trial started and ended on May 17, 1950. May 18, 1950 Judge McLaughlin ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, Kotohira Jinsha. JudgeJoseph F. McLaughlinPlaintiffsRobertson, Castle & Anthony
DefendantsAttorney General’s office
ConclusionJudge McLaughlin found the Attorney General’s office in violation of the First Amendment rights of plaintiffs in the United States Constitution with reference to Robert H. Jackson in American Communications Association v. Douds. Judge J. Frank McLaughlin found the Attorney General’s office had no basis on which to exercise the Trading with the Enemy Act, moreover since 1945 Japan had abolished state religion under Douglas MacArthur and by judicial order return seized property to Kotohira Jinsha. ResultsKotohira Jinsha Shrine reopened almost immediately after the case that year. After relocating a second time in 1962 to make way for the H1 Freeway (the first time in 1931) to its current location. The successful case demonstrated the possibility for other Japanese-based organizations perceived as being wronged by the United States to go to court. In 2010 the Ground Zero mosque controversy over Park51 near the World Trade Center site, in comparison between the Attack on Pearl Harbor and September 11 attacks, renewed interest Kotohira in Jinsha v. McGrath arose as a counterpart for Park51. References
7 : 1950 in United States case law|United States district court cases|United States free exercise of religion case law|1950 in religion|Shinto in the United States|Legal history of Hawaii|1950 in Hawaii |
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