| 词条 | Krkonose / Karkonosze |
| 释义 |
| name = Krkonose / Karkonosze [1] | alt_name = | photo = Równia pod Śnieżką, svítání (01).jpg | photo_width = 282 | photo_alt = | photo_caption = View of Śnieżka in the Śnieżnik Landscape Park | map_image = Śnieżka.png | map_width = 282 | map_caption = Map of the central Krkonose / Karkonosze | type = Biosphere Reserve | location = Czech Republic / Poland | coords = {{coord|50.7100511|N|15.6373419|E|source:gnis|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | area = {{convert|60,362|ha|2}} | created = {{Start date|1992}} | operator = Biosphere Reserve Bilateral Board | visitation = | open = }} The Krkonose / Karkonosze [1] (Czech: {{IPA-cs|ˈkr̩konoʃɛ||Cs-Krkonoše.oga}}, Polish: {{IPA-pl|karkɔˈnɔʂɛ|}}) is a MAB transboundary biosphere reserve, mixed mountain and highland system designated by UNESCO as Krkonose / Karkonosze Mountains in 1992. It is shared by the Czech Republic and Poland.[1] Notably, it is one of only two successful transboundary management structures in existence, aside from the East Carpathians Biosphere Reserve, due to contrasting goals in other shared areas covered by MAB.[2] {{multiple image|align=left|direction=vertical|width=200| image1=Przełęcz Karkonoska - panorama.jpg | caption1=Krkonose / Karkonosze Pass | image2=Ručičky, rozcestník.jpg | caption2=Although the reserve is shared by two countries, the actual trail blazes might not be bilingual }} Land cover characterizationThe Krkonose / Karkonosze ecosystem is managed by the Biosphere Reserve Bilateral Board composed of {{nobreak|Czech-Polish}} specialists,[1] with financial aid from the Global Environment Facility (GEF).[3] It is an ecological island, noted by UNESCO for its profusion of mountain meadows with a network of chalets, and a significant infrastructure both for winter-and-summer sports, as well as qualified tourism.[7] The landscape relief on the Polish side of the biosphere reserve differs from the Czech part considerably. It is very steep and therefore lacking in human development, but instead, it is covered by dense forests. However, both Polish and Czech mountains are equally impacted by heavy air pollution. The Krkonose/Karkonosze Mountains are frequented by over 10 million visitors annually, mostly hikers and skiers, with about 6–8 million in the Czech Republic and 2,5–3 million on the Polish side of the system as of 2002.[4] EnvironmentThe Krkonose / Karkonosze biosphere reserve Programme is run by nine {{nobreak|Czech-Polish}} working groups,[1] each focusing on a separate topic area, including nature conservation, tourism, forestry management, and local communities among other things. Their Bilateral Board provides a forum for cross-border communication regarding legal matters as well as development plans and scientific research. The sun-drenched southern slopes differ from the northern slopes also in their habitat although both consist basically of alpine tundra vegetation with subarctic peat bogs and spruce forests. The network administration is shared between Krkonose National Park and Karkonosze National Park authorities,[1] with headquarters in Vrchlabí and Jelenia Góra respectively. Notes and references1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web | url=http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&code=CZE-POL+01 | title=Krkonose / Karkonosze; Czech Republic / Poland | publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization | work=General Description. Biosphere Reserve Information | year=2007 | accessdate=January 13, 2013 | author=UNESCO}} 2. ^{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_wg2TtqzBAC&lpg=PA96&ots=n31Ii5bjCa&dq=%22Krkonose%20%2F%20Karkonosze%22%20biosphere%20reserve&pg=PA98#v=onepage&q=%22Krkonose%20/%20Karkonosze%22%20biosphere%20reserve&f=false | title=A Transboundary Management Plan | publisher=Routledge | work=Trans-Boundary Protected Areas: The Viability of Regional Conservation Strategies | year=2003 | accessdate=January 15, 2013 | author=Urami Manage Goodale | page=98 | isbn=1560220953 | quote=The establishment of a permanent common structure has been achieved in only two cases: the Krkonose/Karkonosze Biosphere Reserve [and] the East Carpathians Biosphere Reserve... All other sites rely exclusively on personal contacts... (Juliet J. Fall)}} 3. ^{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyFYjSJpwZIC&pg=PT21&lpg=PT21&dq=%22Krkonose+/+Karkonosze%22+biosphere+reserve&source=bl&ots=c1_y2GJOjr&sig=rfDHa8I0m_bSAb4Ddn3MLcWyTv4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=O7P1UIztOaaUjAKd-oGoBg&ved=0CG8Q6AEwCQ | title=Krkonose/Karkonosze (in) Transfrontier Biosphere Reserves as models for management of shared ecosystems | publisher=IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas | work=Biosphere Reserves - Myth Or Reality | year=1998 | accessdate=January 15, 2013 | author=World Conservation Congress | isbn=2831704553}} 4. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://www.krnap.cz/data/File/letaky_brozury/biorezervace_en_03.pdf | title=The Krkonoše / Karkonosze Transboundary Biosphere Reserve (BRKK) | publisher=The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Culture Organization | work=UNESCO Biosphere Reserve on the Czech-Polish boundary | year=2011 | accessdate=January 13, 2013 | author=UNESCO | pages=36 | format=PDF file, direct download 2.00 MB}}
5 : Sudetes|Transboundary protected areas|UNESCO|Biosphere reserves of Poland|Biosphere reserves of the Czech Republic |
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