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词条 Kulluk
释义

  1. Career

      2012 grounding  

  2. Design

  3. References

  4. External links

{{Infobox ship image
Ship image = KullukEvacuation 31dec2012.jpgShip image size = 310pxShip caption = A helicopter delivers personnel to Kulluk on 31 December 2012
}}{{Infobox ship career		Ship name = KullukShip namesake = Inuvialuktun for ThunderShip owner =*Gulf Canada (1983–1993)
  • Amoco Production (1993)
  • SeaTankers (1993–2005)
  • Royal Dutch Shell (2005–2014)[1]
Ship operator =*Frontier Drilling (2006–2011)
  • Noble Drilling (2011–2012)[2]
Current Ship Leaser=Ship registry =*{{CAN}}, Vancouver (1983–??)
  • {{LBR}}, Monrovia (??–2005)
  • {{MHL}}, Majuro (2005–2014)[1]
Ship identification=*Call sign: V7JH8
  • DNV number: 27051
  • {{IMO Number|8752219}}
  • {{MMSI|8752219}}[2]
Ship route =Ship ordered =Ship builder = Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding, Tamano, Japan[1]Ship original cost = Over US$200 million[3]Ship yard number =Ship way number =Ship laid down =Ship launched =Ship completed = 1983Ship christened =Ship acquired =Ship maiden voyage =Ship in service =Ship out of service=Ship fate = Broken up in 2014Ship status =Ship notes =
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics		Ship type = Drill barge27,968}}
  • {{NetT|8,391}}
  • {{DWT|9,902}}
Ship displacement =*17,500 tonnes (lightship)
  • 28,000 tonnes (full)[4]

}}
Diameter:81|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (main deck){{Infobox ship characteristics Hide header=yesShip height =8|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (lightship)
  • {{convert|10|-|12.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (operating)
18.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}Ship ice class=Arctic Class 4Ship power = Four diesel enginesShip propulsion = NoneShip capacity =Ship crew = Accommodation for 108[5]Ship notes =
}}

Kulluk was an ice-strengthened drill barge that was used for oil exploration in the Arctic waters. She was constructed by Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding in Japan in 1983 and operated in the Canadian Arctic until 1993 when she was mothballed for over a decade. In 2005, she was purchased and extensively refurbished by Royal Dutch Shell for the drilling operations off the northern coast of Alaska.

On 31 December 2012, Kulluk drifted aground after the towing line to the icebreaking anchor-handling tug Aiviq parted in heavy weather. While the rig was recovered, the repairs were not deemed feasible and Shell decided to scrap the unit in 2014.

Career

From 1983 to 1993, the rig was operated by Gulf Canada Resources in the Canadian Arctic.[1]

She was mothballed in 1993, and in 2005 she was acquired by Royal Dutch Shell and underwent intensive refurbishment.[6][7] In January 2006, Shell awarded a contract to manage and operate Kulluk to Frontier Drilling (now part of Noble Corporation).[8] In 2007, there was an industrial accident on board Kulluk while she was undergoing refurbishment, causing the death of a man.[9]

2012 grounding

On 31 December 2012, Kulluk drifted aground off Sitkalidak Island in the Gulf of Alaska.[10] Up until October the rig had been working in the Beaufort Sea, off the Alaska North Slope. She was being towed to her winter home in Seattle when she encountered a storm, and the incident occurred. The US Coast Guard evacuated her 18-man crew on 29 December. On New Year's Eve, tug crews were ordered by the US Coast Guard to cut the rig loose, leading to her grounding.[11][12]

Kulluks movement south for the winter was at least in part motivated by an effort to avoid State of Alaska property taxes on oil and gas extraction equipment.[13]{{quotation | It's fair to say the current tax structure related to vessels of this type influenced the timing of our departure. | Dec. 27 Email from Shell Alaska spokesman Curtis Smith to the Dutch Harbor Fisherman[13]}}

The tax in question is a state property tax of 20 mills (or 2 percent) "on property used or committed by contract or other agreement for use for the pipeline transportation of gas or unrefined oil or for the production of gas or unrefined oil at its full and true value as of January 1 of the assessment year."[14] The tax liability for the rig is estimated at between 6 and 7 million dollars, based on the value of the rig;[15] however Shell may seek a filing extension to try to pay a lower tax rate given that the rig was grounded, potentially reducing her value, as of January 1.[13]

Kulluk was carrying {{convert|138000|USgal}} of ultra-low-sulfur diesel fuel, {{convert|1000|USgal}} of aviation fuel and {{convert|12000|USgal}} of lubricants. So far the Coast Guard has reported no sign of a hull breach or fuel spill.[16]

On January 6, 2013, Kulluk was floated from the rocks. Satisfied the vessel was seaworthy, she was towed to shelter in nearby Kodiak Island's Kiliuda Bay.[17] After further assessment of damage, Kulluk was towed to Captains Bay, Unalaska, where she was loaded on the heavy lift ship Xiang Rui Kou and departed for Singapore for repair and updates around 26 March 2013.[18][19] Until February 2014, she remained at Keppel FELS Pioneer Yard shipyard in Singapore.

On 31 October 2013, a Shell representative hinted that Kulluk may not be brought back into operation.[20] On 27 February 2014, Kulluk was again loaded on Xiang Rui Kou which carried the mobile drilling unit to a Chinese scrapyard.[21]

Design

Kulluk was ice-reinforced with {{convert|3|in|abbr=on}} thick, reinforced steel, and a double-sided funnel-shape hull with flared sides enabling her to operate in Arctic waters as moving ice was deflected downwards and was broken into pieces.[22] The vessel was moored with a twelve-point anchor system.[23] Her rated water depth for operations was {{convert|400|ft}}. Her drilling depth was {{convert|20000|ft}}.[24]Kulluk originally had no propulsion and had to be towed to location. In 2006, Shell contracted Aker Arctic to evaluate the feasibility of adding a thruster-aided propulsion to the drilling barge. In 2007, Kulluk was fitted with two 62-tonne, {{convert|2000|shp|kW}} ThrustMaster hydraulic overboard azimuth thrusters, the largest ever supplied by the company, to provide the platform an ability to move between drill sites and improve her operability in ice.[8] However, before the system had been installed completely, the project was already delayed and subsequently halted due to regulatory and operational changes. In 2011, it was decided to remove the thrusters while Kulluk was on the shipyard and sell them, turning Kulluk into an unpropelled drilling barge again.[25]

References

1. ^1 2 {{cite web| work = Marine Exchange of Alaska| title = Kulluk| url= http://www.mxak.org/community/kulluk/kulluk.html| accessdate=2013-01-01}}
2. ^1 {{cite ship register|register=DNV|id=27051|shipname=Kulluk|accessdate=2013-01-02}}
3. ^{{cite news | newspaper = The Calgary Herald | title = Chretien Caused Gulf To Cut Fees | url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bnZkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=y34NAAAAIBAJ&pg=5015,5243491 | date= 1983-10-29 | accessdate=2013-01-02}}
4. ^Barker, A. et al. (2000). Numerical Simulation of the "Kulluk" in Pack Ice Conditions. Proceedings 15th IAHR Symposium on Ice, 1, pp. 165-171, 2000-08.
5. ^[https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/MAB1510.pdf Grounding of Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit Kulluk]. National Transportation Safety Board Marine Accident Brief.
6. ^{{cite news | work=The Anchorage Daily News | title=Shell plans Beaufort Sea drilling | url= http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AS&p_theme=as&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=110339544BDEE508&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM | first = Wesley | last = Loy | date= 2006-03-04 | accessdate=2013-01-02}}
7. ^{{cite news | work = Offshore Magazine | title = Shell initiates Beaufort Sea oil exploration | url= http://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/2006/03/shell-initiates-beaufort-sea-oil-exploration.html | publisher = Pennwell Corporation | date= 2006-03-17 | accessdate=2013-01-02}}
8. ^1 2 {{cite news | work = Oil & Gas Journal | title = Shell Alaska readies ice-class drilling units for Beaufort Sea | url= http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-105/issue-37/drilling-production/shell-alaska-readies-ice-class-drilling-units-for-beaufort-sea.html | publisher = Pennwell Corporation | date= 2007-01-10 | accessdate=2013-01-02}}
9. ^{{cite news | work = Northern News Service | title = Investigation into death on Kulluk rig | url= http://nnsl.com/northern-news-services/stories/papers/oct8_07dth.html | first = Philippe | last = Morin | date= 2007-10-08 | accessdate=2013-01-02}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.offshoreenergytoday.com/kulluk-drilling-unit-runs-aground-in-alaska/|title=Kulluk Drilling Unit Runs Aground in Alaska|work=Offshore Energy Today}}
11. ^{{cite news|first = Jennifer | last = Diouhy| title = Shell’s Kulluk drilling rig runs aground near Alaskan island| url = http://fuelfix.com/blog/2013/01/01/shells-kulluk-drilling-rig-runs-aground-near-alaskan-island/| work = FuelFix.com| date = 2013-01-01| accessdate = 2013-01-02}}
12. ^{{cite news | first = Matt | last = Smith | title = No leaks from grounded drill rig off Alaska, Coast Guard says | work = CNN | url= http://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/01/us/alaska-drilling-rig/index.html | date= 2013-01-02 | accessdate=2013-01-02}}
13. ^1 2 {{Cite news | work = Alaska Dispatch | title = Did Alaska tax liability influence Shell Oil's latest Arctic fiasco? | url = http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/did-alaska-tax-liability-influence-shell-oils-latest-arctic-fiasco | first = Ben | last = Anderson | date = {{date|2013-01-03|mdy}} | accessdate = {{date|2013-01-04|mdy}}}}
14. ^{{cite web | title = Oil and Gas Exploration, Production and Pipeline Transportation Property Taxes | url = http://www.tax.alaska.gov/programs/documentviewer/viewer.aspx?27s | accessdate = {{date|2013-01-04|mdy}}}}
15. ^{{Cite news | title = Shell hoped to save millions in taxes by moving now-grounded drill rig out of Alaska | author = Paulin, Jim | author2 = Restino, Carey | work = Alaska Dispatch | url = http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/shell-hoped-save-millions-taxes-moving-now-grounded-drill-rig-out-alaska | date = {{date|2012-01-03|mdy}} | accessdate = {{date|2012-01-04|mdy}}}}
16. ^{{cite news | first = Lisa | last = Demer| work =The Anchorage Daily News | title = Shell drill rig grounds off Kodiak Island after towline failures | url= http://www.adn.com/2012/12/31/2739314/shell-drilling-rig-is-adrift-again.html | date=2012-12-31 | accessdate=2013-01-01}}
17. ^{{cite news |author=Staff writers |title=Kulluk: Kulluk: Shell drill rig towed to safety in Alaskan bay. |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-20937504 |work=BBC News |date=7 January 2013 |accessdate=8 January 2013}}
18. ^{{cite news |title=Kulluk: Lift ship loads Kulluk dutch harbor headed singapore |url=http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/20130319/lift-ship-loads-kulluk-dutch-harbor-headed-singapore |accessdate=23 April 2013}}
19. ^{{cite news |title=Kulluk Scheduled to Depart Tuesday |url=http://kucb.org/news/article/kulluk-scheduled-to-depart-tuesday/ |accessdate=23 April 2013}}
20. ^Shell prepares Arctic drilling plan but is uncertain about 2014. Anchorage Daily News, 31 October 2013. {{retrieved|accessdate=2013-11-03}}
21. ^Rigs, Platforms and Oil Fields. Captain's Voyage. {{retrieved|accessdate=2014-04-12}}
22. ^{{cite news | agency = The Associated Press | newspaper = USA Today | first = Mary | last = Pemberton | title = No sign that hull is breached on drill ship in Alaska | url= https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/01/01/drilling-ship-runs-aground-off-alaska/1802071/ | date= 2013-01-01 | accessdate=2013-01-02}}
23. ^{{cite report | publisher = Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada | first = Lin | last = Callow | title = Oil and Gas Exploration & Development Activity Forecast: Canadian Beaufort Sea 2012–2027 | url= http://www.beaufortrea.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Beaufort-Sea-OG-activity-forecast-2012-2017.pdf | page = 11 |date=April 2012 | accessdate=2013-01-02}}
24. ^{{cite web | work = Rigzone | title = Rig Data: Kulluk | url= http://www.rigzone.com/data/rig_detail.asp?rig_id=405 | accessdate=2013-01-01}}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.networkintl.com/contents/auction/QFPIRA000HBW/QFPIRA01B3DZ/!QFPIRA01B3FCLOT%20DETAILS%20for%2013838.pdf |format=PDF |title=Kulluk Equipment Disposition |accessdate=2013-01-03}}

External links

{{commonscat}}
  • Grounding of the Shell Kulluk oil rig off Kodiak Island, Alaska on the CIMSS Satellite Blog
  • McKenzie Funk, [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/04/magazine/the-wreck-of-the-kulluk.html "The Wreck of the Kulluk"], New York Times Magazine, December 30, 2014
{{2012 shipwrecks}}

5 : 1983 ships|Drillships|Royal Dutch Shell buildings and structures|Oil platform disasters|Maritime incidents in 2012
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