| 词条 | Kurds in Istanbul |
| 释义 |
The total number of Kurds in Istanbul is estimated variously from 2 to 4 million people. Demographics
In 1995, the Kurdish Human Rights Watch estimated that the Kurds in Istanbul numbered ca. 2 million.[1] In 1996, Servet Mutlu estimated that the Kurds were 8.16% (594,000) of Istanbul instead of the often stated 1.5 million.[2] In 1998, the German Foreign Ministry stated that there were 3 million Kurds in Istanbul.[2] American diplomat John Tirman estimated the Kurds in Istanbul to number 4 million people (1997).[3] According to another estimation, the Kurds in Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir and other big cities (not including those inside the "Kurdish provinces") constitute 35% of the total Turkish Kurd population.[4]
HistoryThe first Kurdish cultural and political associations were established in Istanbul.[6] During the reign of Abdulhamid II (r. 1876–1909) the Kurds began producing literature on the condition of the Kurds in Istanbul.[7] In 1918, Kurdish intellectuals established the Association for the Rise of the Kurds in Istanbul.[8] In March 1995 Kurdish riots broke out in Istanbul.[9] Clashes between pro-Kurdish demonstrators and Turkish police have repeatedly taken place in Istanbul; such events occurred in 2011,[10] 2016,[11] and 2018.[12] Political viewsAn estimated 3.9% of Istanbul residents consider themselves to be Kurdish; according to one poll, among this group 90% opposed the idea of Kurdish independence from Turkey, while according to another poll, only 9% of supported the HEP party.[13] On June 29, 2013, 10,000 protesters gathered at Taksim Square in solidarity with Kurds.[14] About 1,000 Kurdish activists from Istanbul went to Kobani after Abdullah Ocalan's call of mobilization (September 2014).[15] Organizations
See also
References1. ^{{cite book|author=Mustafa Mohamed Karadaghi|title=Handbook of Kurdish Human Rights Watch, Inc: A Non-profit Humanitarian Organization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HagAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=UN}} 2. ^1 {{cite book|author=Ferhad Ibrahim|title=The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey: Obstacles and Chances for Peace and Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kgierPu_7EC&pg=PA181|year=2000|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-4744-9|pages=181–}} 3. ^{{cite book|author=John Tirman|title=Spoils of War: The Human Cost of America's Arms Trade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JU-2AAAAIAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Free Press|isbn=978-0-684-82726-1}} 4. ^{{cite book|author=Lokman I. Meho|title=The Kurds and Kurdistan: A Selective and Annotated Bibliography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=izQFFkIF6mMC&pg=PA2|date=1 January 1997|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-30397-5|pages=2–}} 5. ^1 {{cite web |last1=Zalewski |first1=Piotr |title=Istanbul: Big Trouble in Little Kurdistan |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2104027,00.html |website=Time |date=9 January 2012}} 6. ^{{cite book|author1=Philip G. Kreyenbroek|author2=Stefan Sperl|title=The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZ6JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40|date=17 August 2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-90766-3|pages=40–}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=Hakan Ozoglu|title=Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State: Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vEAu4L1oz_4C&pg=PA35|date=1 February 2012|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8556-9|pages=35–}} 8. ^{{cite book|title=A Democratic Future for the Kurds of Turkey: Proceedings of the Conference on North West Kurdistan (South East Turkey), March 12-13, 1994, Brussels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Xm6AAAAIAAJ|year=1995|publisher=medico international|isbn=978-1-900175-01-2}} 9. ^{{cite book|author=Robert W. Olson|title=The Kurdish Nationalist Movement in the 1990s: Its Impact on Turkey and the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zlD0gc-p0NkC&pg=PA44|year=1996|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=0-8131-0896-9|pages=44–}} 10. ^[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2011/06/2011626214739144330.html Turkey police disperse pro-Kurdish protesters: Protest in Istanbul turns violent when riot police began using tear gas], Al Jazeera (June 26, 2011). 11. ^[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37882883 Turkey coup aftermath: Pro-Kurdish Istanbul protests broken up], BBC News (November 5, 2016). 12. ^[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-protests/turkish-police-use-pepper-spray-against-pro-kurdish-protesters-idUSKBN1FA0VG Turkish police use pepper spray against pro-Kurdish protesters], Reuters (January 21, 2018). 13. ^{{cite book|author=Ibrahim Kaya|title=Social Theory and Later Modernities: The Turkish Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Iy7pJBRgjYC&pg=PA70|year=2004|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-0-85323-898-0|pages=70–}} 14. ^{{cite web |title=Thousands march in Istanbul in solidarity with Kurds |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/world/2013/06/29/Thousands-march-in-Istanbul-in-solidarity-with-Kurds.html |website=english.alarabiya.net |language=en}} 15. ^{{cite web |last1=Butler |first1=Desmond |title=Kurds suspect Turkey of backing Islamic State |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/kurds-suspect-turkey-of-backing-islamic-state/ |website=www.timesofisrael.com}} 2 : Kurds in Turkey|People from Istanbul |
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