词条 | Kushinagar |
释义 |
| name = Kushinagar | settlement_type = Town | image_skyline = Image:Kushinara1.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Ramabhar Stupa was built over a portion of the Buddha's ashes on the spot where he was cremated by the ancient Malla people. | nickname = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = Kushinagar in Uttar Pradesh | pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India#Asia | pushpin_label_position = left | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|26.741|N|83.888|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Uttar Pradesh | subdivision_type2 = District | subdivision_name2 = Kushinagar | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = Nagar Palika | governing_body = | leader_title1 = D.M | leader_name1 = Dr. Anil Kumar Singh | leader_title2 = A.D.M | leader_name2 = K.L. Tiwari | leader_title3 = MP | leader_name3 = Rajesh Pandey (BJP) | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = 22214 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = Language | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = Hindi[1] | demographics1_title2 = Additional official | demographics1_info2 = Urdu[1] | timezone1 = IST | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = 274403 | registration_plate = UP 57 | website = {{URL|http://www.kushinagar.nic.in}} | footnotes = }}{{BuddhasHolySites}} Kushinagar is a pilgrimage town in the Kushinagar district of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is an important Buddhist pilgrimage site, where Buddhists believe Gautama Buddha attained Parinirvana after his death. It is an international Buddhist pilgrimage centre. The followers of Buddhism, especially from Asian countries, wish to visit this place at least once in their lifetime. EtymologyAccording to one theory, Kushvati was the capital of Kosala Kingdom and according to Ramayana it was built by King Kush, son of Rama, protagonist of the epic Ramayana. While according to Buddhist tradition Kushavati was named prior to the king Kush. The naming of Kushwati is believed to be due to abundance of Kush grass found in this region.[2] DemographicsAs of 2011 India census, Kushinagar had a population of 22,214,[3] with 3462 households. Males constitute 52% (11,502 Men) of the population and females 48% (10,712 Women). Kushinagar has an average literacy rate of 78.43%, higher than the national average of 74%, male literacy is 85%, and female literacy is 72%. In Kushinagar, 11% of the population is under 10 years of age. Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 5.03% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 2.39% of total population in Kushinagar Nagar Panchayat. HistoryThe present Kushinagar is identified with Kusavati (in the pre-Buddha period) and Kushinara (in the post-Buddha period). Kushinara was the capital of Mallas which was one of the sixteen mahajanpads of the 6th Century BCE. Since then, it remained an integral part of the erstwhile empires of Maurya, Shunga, Kushana, Gupta, Harsha, and Pala dynasties. In the medieval period, Kushinagar had passed under the suzerainty of Kultury Kings. Kushinara continued to be a living city till the 12th century CE and was thereafter lost into oblivion. Padrauna is believed to be ruled over by a Rajput adventurer, Madan Singh, in the 15th century CE. However, modern Kushinagar came into prominence in the 19th century with archeological excavations carried out by Alexander Cunningham, the first Archeological Surveyor of India and later followed by C.L. Carlleyle who exposed the main stupa and also discovered a 6.10 meters long statue of reclining Buddha in 1876. Excavations continued in the early twentieth century under J. Ph. Vogel.[4] He conducted archaeological campaigns in 1904-5, 1905-6 and 1906-7, uncovering a wealth of Buddhist materials. Chandra Swami, a Burmese monk, came to India in 1903 and made Mahaparinirvana Temple into a living shrine. After independence, Kushinagar remained part of the district of Deoria. On 13 May 1994, it came into being as a new district of Uttar Pradesh.[5] Location of Gautama Buddha's death and parinirvanaIn 1896, Waddell suggested that the site of the death and parinirvana of Gautama Buddha was in the region of Rampurva.[6] However, according to the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra, the Buddha made his journey to Kushinagar, died there and wherein he was cremated.[8][7] It is believed that during his last day he walked into the groves of tress near the city and rejoiced at the blossoms of sala trees (Shorea robusta) before laying himself to rest.[8] Modern scholarship, based on archaeological evidence, believes that the Buddha died in Kushinagar, close to the modern Kasia (Uttar Pradesh).[9][10][11][12][13] Ashoka built a stupa and pilgrimage site to mark Buddha's parinirvana in Kushinagara.[14] The Hindu rulers of the Gupta Empire (fourth to seventh century) helped greatly enlarge the Nirvana stupa and Kushinagar site, building a temple with reclining Buddha.[15][16] This site was abandoned by Buddhist monks around 1200 CE, who fled to escape the invading Muslim army, after which the site decayed over the Islamic rule in India that followed.[17][18] The British archaeologist Alexander Cunningham rediscovered Kushinagara in the late 19th century, and his colleague A. C. L. Carlleyle unearthed the 1,500-year-old Buddha image.[16][19][20] The site has since then become an important pilgrimage site for Buddhists.[21][22] Archaeological evidence from the 3rd century BCE suggests that the Kushinagara site was an ancient pilgrimage site.[21] Geography{{Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites_in_India.svg}}Kushinagar is a nagar palika situated at 53 km east from Gorakhpur on the National Highway-28, lying between latitude 26°45´N and 83°24´E. Gorakhpur is the main railway terminus for Kushinagar while air strip of UP Civil Aviation is situated in Kasia, 5 km away from Kushinagar, currently being developed as an International Airport by Uttar Pradesh Government and Government of India.[23] TourismParinirvana StupaThe reclining Nirvana statue of the Buddha is inside the Parinirvana Stupa. The statue is 6.10 metres long and is made of monolith red-sand stone. It represents the "Dying Buddha" reclining on his right side with his face towards the west. It is placed on a large brick pedestal with stone-posts at the corners.[24] Nirvana Chaitya (Main Stupa)Nirvana Chaitya is located just behind the Main Parinirvana Temple. It was excavated by Carlleyle in the year 1876. During excavations, a copper plate was found, which contained the text of the "Nidana-Sutra" which concluded the statement that plate had been deposited in the Nirvana-Chaitya by one Haribala, who also installed the great Nirvana Statue of Buddha in the temple front.[24] Ramabhar StupaRamabhar Stupa, also called a Mukutbandhan-Chaitya, is the cremation place of Buddha. This site is 1.5 km east of the main Nirvana Temple on the Kushinagar-Deoria road.[24] Matha Kuar ShrineA colossal statue of Lord Buddha is installed, which is carved out of one block which represents Buddha seated under the "Bodhi Tree" in a pose known as "Bhumi Sparsh Mudra" (Earth touching attitude). The inscription at the base of statue is datable to the 10th or 11th century A.D.[24] Other major places
The Government of Uttar Pradesh has proposed the Kushinagar-Sarnath Buddha Expressway to connect Buddhist pilgrimage towns. The expressway will be around 200 km long and will reduce the distance from both town from Seven hours to one and half hours. Government and politicsKushinagar comes under Kushi Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency) for Indian general elections. Current Member of Parliament from this constituency is Rajesh Pandey of Bharatiya Janata Party who defeated R. P. N. Singh of Indian National Congress in Indian general elections, 2014.[25] The current Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) from Kushinagar Assembly constituency is Rajnikant Mani Tripathi of Bharatiya Janata Party. EducationKushinagar has made a lot of progress in education in recent times. In the last decade,{{when|date=April 2018}} dozens of private and government institutes have been established at this little town. Here is a list of all educational institutes in Kushinagar: Government institutes
There are two government and several private hospitals and clinics available at Kushinagar and Kasia. Noted ones are:
director by Abhay Ranjan Mishra yoga teacher Kushinagar up. Notable people
GalleryReferences1. ^1 {{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=Ministry of Minority Affairs|accessdate=10 February 2019 |page=49|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017|df=dmy-all}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=https://kushinagar.nic.in/history/|title=History |publisher=Kushinagar District |date=20 November 2017}} 3. ^Census of India: Population Finder, http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=1249&category=N.P. 4. ^{{cite journal | author = Vogel J Ph. | year = 1950 | title = Some Buddhist Monasteries in Ancient India | url = | journal = Journal of the Ceylon branch of the Royal Asiatic Society | volume = 1 | issue = | pages = 27–32 }} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Kushinagar History|url=http://kushinagar.nic.in/history.htm|website=kushinagar.nic.in|accessdate=18 July 2015}} 6. ^"A Tibetan Guide-book to the Lost Sites of the Buddha's Birth and Death", L. A. Waddell. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1896, p. 279. 7. ^{{cite journal|author=John Guy| title=The Mahabodhi temple|journal=The Burlington Magazine| year=1991| volume=133| number=1059|jstor=884751| pages=356–357}} 8. ^{{cite book|title=Buddh for the young|last=S.|first=Bhattacharya|isbn=81-237-2006-8|publisher=National Book Trust, India|edition=1st|year=1996|location=New Delhi|page=42}} 9. ^{{cite book|author=United Nations|title=Promotion of Buddhist Tourism Circuits in Selected Asian Countries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9ZhFMWSYKsC&pg=PA23|year=2003|publisher=United Nations Publications|isbn=978-92-1-120386-8|pages=23–24}} 10. ^{{cite book|author=Kevin Trainor |title=Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PrloTKuAjwC |year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517398-7 |pages=41 }} 11. ^{{cite book|author1=Elizabeth Lyons|author2=Heather Peters|author3=Chʻeng-mei Chang|title=Buddhism: History and Diversity of a Great Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkdxmAYVbJUC&pg=PA17|year=1985|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology|isbn=978-0-934718-76-9|page=17}} 12. ^{{cite book|author=Fred S. Kleiner |title=Gardner's Art through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlVeuxIgjwQC |year=2009|publisher=Cengage |isbn=0-495-57367-1 |pages=13, 31 }} 13. ^{{Citation |last = Huntington |first = John C |title = Sowing the Seeds of the Lotus |journal = Orientations |date=1986 |volume= September 1986 |pages = 47 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20141128233735/http://huntingtonarchive.osu.edu/resources/downloads/jchArticles/Part%205.pdf | archivedate = 28 Nov 2014 |url = http://huntingtonarchive.osu.edu/resources/downloads/jchArticles/Part%205.pdf | format = PDF}} 14. ^{{cite book|author1=Akira Hirakawa |author2=Paul Groner |title=A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XjjwjC7rcOYC |year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0955-0 |pages=101 }} 15. ^{{cite journal|author=Gina Barns|title=An Introduction to Buddhist Archaeology|journal=World Archaeology|volume = 27| number = 2|year=1995|pages=166–168|doi=10.1080/00438243.1995.9980301}} 16. ^1 {{cite journal|author=Robert Stoddard|year=2010 |journal= Pilgrimage and Buddhist Art |title= The Geography of Buddhist Pilgrimage in Asia |publisher= Yale University Press |url= http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geographyfacpub/27| volume = 178|pages=3–4}} 17. ^{{cite book|author1=Richard H. Robinson|author2=Sandra Ann Wawrytko |author3=Ṭhānissaro Bhikkhu |title=The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LhUSAQAAIAAJ | year=1996| publisher=Thomson |isbn=978-0-534-20718-2 |pages=50 }} 18. ^{{cite book|author1=Mark Juergensmeyer|author2=Wade Clark Roof|title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ|year=2011|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6656-5|page=148}} 19. ^{{cite journal|last1=Asher|first1=Frederick|title=From place to sight: locations of the Buddha´s life|journal=Artibus Asiae|date=2009|volume=69|issue=2|page=244}} 20. ^{{cite book|author=Himanshu Prabha Ray|title=The Return of the Buddha: Ancient Symbols for a New Nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3s9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA74|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-56006-7|pages=74–75, 86}} 21. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Lars Fogelin|title=An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tRV0BgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-994822-2|pages=23–24}} 22. ^{{cite book|author=Lars Fogelin|title=Archaeology of Early Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WAnAAAAQBAJ |year=2006|publisher=AltaMira Press|isbn=978-0-7591-1444-9|pages=42–43}} 23. ^{{cite web|title=Kushinagar geography|url=http://kushinagar.nic.in/geog1.htm|website=kushinagr.nic.in|accessdate=18 July 2015}} 24. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|title=Places in Kushinagar|url=http://kushinagar.nic.in/places.htm|website=kushinager.nic.in|accessdate=17 July 2015}} 25. ^{{cite web|title=Kushinagar Loksabha|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/kushi-nagar.html|website=elections|accessdate=18 July 2015}} Further reading
See also
External links{{Wikivoyage|Kushinagar}}{{Commons category|Kushinagar}}
7 : Cities and towns in Kushinagar district|Buddhist pilgrimages|Ancient Indian cities|Buddhist holy sites|Stupas in India|Archaeological monuments in Uttar Pradesh|Buddhist sites in Uttar Pradesh |
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