| 词条 | Kwele people |
| 释义 |
The Kwele people are a tribal group of eastern Gabon, Republic of the Congo, and Cameroons in West Africa. They fled the coastal area of West Africa during the 19th century, after their traditional enemies acquired firearms from the slave traders. This altercation is often called the "Poupou" war.[1] The Kwele then settled into lands between the Dja and Ivindo rivers. The Kwele are noted for their ceremonial masks which are collected as art objects.[2][3][4][5] The masks are associated with the Beete association, which maintains social order, and are also used in initiation rites and at the end of mourning periods. Thought to represent benevolent forest spirits, the masks represent people or animals, or a combination of the two. Many lack eye slits; the masks are shown rather than worn, and many are painted with white kaolin earth, which the Kwele associate with light and clarity.[5] In the beete ritual which they perform, there is a gorilla masked person (gabon) as the opposition to the Ekuk mask. {{Quote|text=Although they fashioned objects in iron, it is above all through their sculptures, masks, and anthropomorphic, zoomorphic, and even anthropozoomorphic statuettes that they gained their fame. Their masks are recognized by their great simplicity, in a concentrated and analytical expression.|sign=François Neyt|source="The masks of the Kwele people"[6]}}
References1. ^{{Cite book|author=Deschamps, Hubert Jules|date=1962|title=Traditions orales et archives au Gabon: contribution à l'ethno-histoiren|publisher=Berger-Levrault|location=Paris|language=French|pages=66–67; 75|oclc=3757944}} {{Africa-ethno-group-stub}}2. ^{{Cite journal|author=Perrois, Louis|date=2001|title=Art of the Kwele of Equatorial Africa: ancestor masks, bush spirit masks|journal=World of Tribal Arts / Le Monde de l'Art Tribal|volume=6|number=4|pages=80–113|url=http://tribalarts.com/feature/kwele/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201120753/http://tribalarts.com/feature/kwele/index.html|archivedate=1 December 2010|deadurl=yes}} 3. ^{{Cite book|author=Hackett, Rosalind I. J.|date=1996|title=Art and Religion in Africa|publisher=Cassell|location=London|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yCJ71rRnzhgC&pg=PA128 128–129]|isbn=978-0-304-33752-1}} 4. ^{{Cite book|author=Stachelhaus, Thomas|date=2005|title=Gabon: Tribal Art|publisher=Schulte Weiss|location=Heidelberg|language=German|pages=46–48|isbn=978-3-00-017048-5}} 5. ^1 {{Cite book|last1=Hahner-Herzog |first1=Iris |last2=Kecskési |first2=Maria |last3=Vajda |first3=László |date=1998|title=African masks from the Barbier-Mueller Collection, Geneva|publisher=Prestel|location=Munich|isbn=978-3-7913-1806-6}}, plates 69–71 6. ^{{Cite book|author=Neyt, François|date=2010|chapter=The masks of the Kwele people, northeastern Gabon and Congo-Brazzaville|title=Congo River: Arts of Central Africa|url=http://www.quaibranly.fr/uploads/tx_gayafeespacepresse/MQB_DP_Fleuve_Congo_en_01.pdf|publisher=Musée du Quai Branly}} 5 : Indigenous peoples of West Africa|Ethnic groups in Cameroon|Ethnic groups in Gabon|Ethnic groups in the Republic of the Congo|Tribal art |
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