| 词条 | Lactifluus |
| 释义 |
| image = Lactarius_piperatus_BS11.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = Lactifluus piperatus | regnum = Fungi | divisio = Basidiomycota | classis = Agaricomycetes | ordo = Russulales | familia = Russulaceae | genus = Lactifluus | genus_authority = (Pers.) Roussel (1806) }} Lactifluus is one of three genera of mushroom-forming fungi containing species commonly named "milk-caps", the others being Lactarius and Multifurca. It has been separated from Lactarius based on molecular phylogenetic evidence but is very similar to that genus. There are roughly 150 known Lactifluus species, which have a mainly tropical distribution but are also found in the north temperate zone and Australasia.[1] Some of them are edible mushrooms. Systematics and taxonomy{{cladogram|align=left|title=|clade={{clade |style=font-size:90%;line-height:90% |label1= |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=Lactarius |2=Multifurca |2=Russula |2=Lactifluus}} |caption=Phylogenetic relationships of Lactarius, Lactifluus, Multifurca, and Russula.[2] }} The genus Lactifluus was described in 1806 by French naturalist Henri François Anne de Roussel, with the type species Lactifluus piperatus.[3] Later, Lactifluus was largely considered a synonym of Lactarius, until molecular phylogenetic work showed in 2008 that Lactarius was not a monophyletic group.[2] In the following, the name Lactarius was conserved for the biggest of the subclades revealed, containing most well-known north temperate species.[5][7] Thus, the name Lactifluus could be used for the smaller genus, necessitating only a few name changes, as combinations with Lactifluus had already been made previously for many temperate species.[5][9] New combinations have since been proposed for several species formerly classified in Lactarius.[10][11][12] A phylogenetics-based revision in 2017 divided the genus in four subgenera: Lactifluus, Lactariopsis, Gymnocarpi and Pseudogymnocarpi. They are further subdivided into section, but not all species are assigned to named sections. Many of these new groups do not correspond to previous subdivisions based mainly on morphology.[1] DescriptionLactifluus closely resembles its lookalike genus Lactarius, with whom it shares the brittle flesh of the fruit bodies and the milk-like latex exuded when bruised. So far, synapomorphic characters for the genus have not been discovered, there are only tendencies that distinguish it from Lactarius.[9] Pleurotoid (laterally stiped) fruitbodies are only known in Lactifluus, while species with closed (angiocarpous) fruitbodies only occur in Lactarius.[9] Microscopically, thick-walled elements in the pileipellis and stipitipellis (cuticle of the stipe) and sphaerocytes in the trama of the lamellae are common in Lactifluus, but rare in Lactarius species.[9]EdibilitySeveral species in the genus are edible. Lactifluus volemus especially is a choice mushroom in the northern temperate region.[17] Species (selection){{Main|List of Lactifluus species}}{{As of|2017}}, there were roughly 150 described species, classified in four subgenera.[1]Subgenus Lactifluus
Subgenus Lactariopsis
Subgenus Gymnocarpi
Subgenus Pseudogymnocarpi
See also
References1. ^1 {{cite book |vauthors=Bessette AR, Bessette A, Harris DM |title=Milk Mushrooms of North America: A Field Identification Guide to the Genus Lactarius |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location=Syracuse, New York |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8156-3229-0 |page=5}} {{open access}}[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]2. ^1 2 {{Cite journal |vauthors=Buyck B, Hofstetter V, Eberhardt U, Verbeken A, Kauff F |title=Walking the thin line between Russula and Lactarius: the dilemma of Russula sect. Ochricompactae |journal=Fungal Diversity |volume=28 |year=2008 |pages=15–40 |url=http://www.fungaldiversity.org/fdp/sfdp/28-2.pdf }} 3. ^1 2 {{Cite journal |vauthors=Buyck B, Hofstetter V, Verbeken A, Walleyn R |title=Proposal to conserve Lactarius nom. cons. (Basidiomycota) with conserved type |journal=Taxon |volume=59 |year=2010 |pages=447–453 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2010/00000059/00000001/art00031 |format=|doi=10.1002/tax.591031 }} {{open access}} 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |last1=De Crop |first1=E. |last2=Nuytinck |first2=J. |last3=Van de Putte |first3=K. |last4=Wisitrassameewong |first4=K. |last5=Hackel |first5=J. |last6=Stubbe |first6=D. |last7=Hyde |first7=K.D. |last8=Roy |first8=M. |last9=Halling |first9=R.E. |last10=Moreau |first10=P.-A. |last11=Eberhardt |first11=U. |last12=Verbeken |first12=A. |title=A multi-gene phylogeny of Lactifluus (Basidiomycota, Russulales) translated into a new infrageneric classification of the genus |journal=Persoonia |volume=38 |issue=1 |year=2017 |pages=58–80 |issn=0031-5850 |doi=10.3767/003158517X693255 |pmid=29151627 |pmc=5645188}} {{open access}} 5. ^1 {{Cite journal |author=Norvell LL. |title=Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 16 |journal=Taxon |volume=60 |year=2011 |pages=223–226 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2011/00000060/00000001/art00023|format=|doi=10.1002/tax.601023 }} {{open access}} 6. ^1 {{cite book |title=Flore du Calvados et terrains adjacents, composée suivant la méthode de Jussieu | author=Roussel HFA. |url=http://www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?Link=T&TableKey=14682616000000061&Rec=39463&Fields=All |accessdate=2014-10-19 | year=1806 | publisher=L.-J. Poisson |location=Caen |page=66 |language=French}} 7. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Stubbe D, Wang XH, Verbeken A |title=New combinations in Lactifluus. 2. L. subg. Gerardii |journal=Mycotaxon |year=2012 |volume=119 |pages=483–485 |doi=10.5248/119.483 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mtax/mt/2012/00000119/00000001/art00057"|hdl=1854/LU-2939779 }} 8. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Verbeken A, Nuytinck J, Buyck B |title=New combinations in Lactifluus. 1. L. subgenera Edules, Lactariopsis, and Russulopsis |journal=Mycotaxon |year=2012 |volume=118 |pages=447–453 |doi=10.5248/118.447 |hdl=1854/LU-2122219 }} 9. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Verbeken A, Van de Putte K, De Crop E |title=New combinations in Lactifluus. 3. L. subgenera Lactifluus and Piperati |journal=Mycotaxon |year=2012 |volume=120 |pages=443–450 |doi=10.5248/120.443 |hdl=1854/LU-3150382 }} 10. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite journal |vauthors=Verbeken A, Nuytinck J |title=Not every milkcap is a Lactarius |journal=Scripta Botanica Belgica |volume=51 |year=2013 |pages=162–168 |url=http://fungi.fr/Html/VerbekenNuytinckLactarius.pdf}} }}{{Taxonbar|from=Q15991147}} 2 : Russulales genera|Lactifluus |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。