| 词条 | Lake Washington sunken forests |
| 释义 |
The Lake Washington sunken forests were both a part of the scientific discovery of a major fault line under Seattle, Washington, and part of a timber piracy case in the late 20th century. In a precedent-setting case, the Washington State Supreme Court decided that ancient drowned forests are state property and not eligible for salvage. Creation of the sunken forestsA major earthquake (magnitude 7 to 7.5) occurred on the Seattle Fault about 900 C.E., creating multiple forms of evidence that led to the discovery of the fault and its description in Science in 1992.[1][2][3] One of the forms of evidence was landslides at three locations around Lake Washington: off the southeast corner of Mercer Island ({{coord|47|31|30|N|122|13|15|W|name=Mercer Island sunken forest (south)}}), on the west side of the island across from Seattle's Seward Park ({{coord|47|33|45|N|122|14|00|W|name=Mercer Island sunken forest (west)}}), and one near Saint Edward State Park in present-day Kirkland, Washington ({{coord|47|42|30|N|122|15|15|W|name=Kirkland sunken forest}}).[4] The landslides on heavily wooded land created "bizarre submerged forests" of old-growth timber, preserved by the cool water and low oxygen in the deep lake.[1][6] These sunken forests were known to early European settlers of the Seattle area, for whom the snags could be a hazard to ships on the lake, and as early as 1919, nearly 200 of the sunken trees had been removed from depths of {{convert|65|-|132|ft}}.[1] Radiocarbon dating and tree-ring dating of the wood in the late 20th century helped to establish the date of the earthquake.[1] Natural resources caseIn the early 1990s, Western Wood Lumber, owned by John Tortorelli, was conducting salvage logging operations on sunken logs in Lake Washington that were lost from early 20th century log booms. Tortorelli broke an underwater sewer line and during the investigation of this incident, it was found that he had been salvaging wood from the sunken forests. The state said he did not have a permit for this, and in 1994 charged him as a timber pirate, with the theft of over $150,000 worth of lumber.[10][11] He was convicted in 1994 and appealed. In a precedent-setting decision, the Washington State Supreme Court found that the underwater forests belonged to the State of Washington (administered by the Department of Natural Resources). The decision rested on a determination that the Federal Submerged Lands Act of 1953 applied to the underwater forests and not just traditional seabed or lakebed natural resources (molluscs, minerals etc.) as argued by the appellant.[6][13] References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{citation|title=How Sleuths Of Science Uncovered Seattle Fault|author=Bill Dietrich|work=The Seattle Times|date=December 8, 1992|url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19921208&slug=1528839}} [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]2. ^1 {{citation|newspaper=The Los Angeles Times|title=Seattle Was Site of Big Ancient Quake, Study Says|date=December 4, 1992|author=Mark A. Stein|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1992-12-04/news/mn-1441_1_seattle-fault}} 3. ^1 {{citation | title=Living with Earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest | chapter = Ghost Forests, Raised Shorelines, and the Seattle Fault | edition=Second | last1=Yeates |first1=Robert S.| year=2004 | publisher=Oregon State University Press | ISBN=0-87071-024-9 | pp=109–118 | url=http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/oer/Earthquake.pdf }} 4. ^1 {{Historylink|title=Seattle Fault Zone is first described in Science on December 4, 1992. |article=9388|author=David B. Williams |date=April 5, 2010}} 5. ^1 {{citation|title=Company Owner Charged In Theft Of Ancient Timber|work=The Orlando Sentinel|date=August 18, 1994|url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1994-08-18/news/9408180425_1_tortorelli-trees-ancient-timber}} 6. ^1 {{citation|title=The Charge: Piracy Of Logs|author=Dee Norton|work=The Seattle Times|date=August 16, 1994|url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19940816&slug=1925567}} 7. ^1 {{citation|title=IN RE: the Personal Restraint of John TORTORELLI|publisher=FindLaw|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/wa-supreme-court/1261272.html}} 8. ^1 2 {{citation|title=Washington State Declared Owner of Submerged Logs: In the Matter of the Personal Restraint of John Tortorelli, 66 P.3d 606 (Wash. 2003).|author=Christopher Tang|work=The Sand Bar|volume=2|number=2|year=2003|publisher=National Sea Grant Law Center at University of Mississippi|url=http://nsglc.olemiss.edu/SandBar%20PDF//sandbar2.2.pdf}} }} Further reading
External links
5 : 1994 in case law|2003 in case law|1994 in Washington (state)|Forests of Washington (state)|Kirkland, Washington |
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