| 词条 | Lamane |
| 释义 |
Although the later lamanes were always descendants of the Serer village and town founders (the original lamanes), and their families ruled the Kingdoms of Sine, Saloum and Baol etc., the power they previously enjoyed as lamanes diminished they continued to make up the land-owning class.[10] Though their power was somewhat diminished, their economic and political power was intricately linked to Serer custom, Serer history and Serer religion. As such, they were extremely powerful if not as true kings as guardians of Serer traditions and beliefs and could dethrone a reigning monarch if threatened.[11][12] The lamanes were the guardians of Serer religion. They created sanctuaries and shrines in honour of the Pangool (Serer ancestral spirits and Saints).[13] Some prominent Serer lamanes
References1. ^Boulègue, Jean. Le Grand Jolof, (XVIIIe – XVIe Siècle). (Paris, Edition Façades), Karthala (1987), p 30 2. ^Dyao, Yoro Légendes et coutumes sénégalaises. Cahiers de Yoro Dyao: publiés et commentés par Henri Gaden. p 12. (E. Leroux, 1912) 3. ^Dyao, Yoro Légendes et coutumes sénégalaises. Cahiers de Yoro Dyao: publiés et commentés par Henri Gaden. p 12. (E. Leroux, 1912) 4. ^Ajayi, J. F. Ade, Crowder, Michael, History of West Africa, p462. Longman, 1976 5. ^Boulègue, Jean. Le Grand Jolof, (XVIIIe – XVIe Siècle). (Paris, Edition Façades), Karthala (1987), p 30 6. ^Galvan, Dennis Charles. "The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal." Berkeley, University of California Press, (2004). {{ISBN|978-0-520-23591-5}}. pp 109-111 7. ^Oliver, Roland, Fage, John Donnelly, Sanderson, G. N, The Cambridge History of Africa, p214. Cambridge University Press, 1985. {{ISBN|0-521-22803-4}} 8. ^Ajayi, J. F. Ade & Crowder, Michael, History of West Africa, Volume 1, p 468. Longman, 1985. {{ISBN|0-582-64683-9}} 9. ^Sarr, Alioune, Histoire du Sine-Saloum. BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3-4. 1986-1987, p21 10. ^Saint-Martin, Yves-Jean, Le Sénégal sous le Second Empire, Karthala (2000), pp. 35 & 610. {{ISBN|2-86537-201-4}} 11. ^Kesteloot, Lilyan, Dieux d'eau du Sahel : voyage à travers les mythes, de Seth à Tyamaba, L'Harmattan, Paris, ; IFAN, Dakar, 2007, p. 123 ({{ISBN|978-2-296-04384-8}}) 12. ^Ngom, Biram Éthiopiques (revue), numéro 54, nouvelle série, vol. 7, semestre 1991 13. ^Galvan, Dennis Charles. The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal. Berkeley, University of California Press, 2004. pp 53, 185 14. ^Nnoli, Okwudiba, Ethnic conflicts in Africa, p241. CODESRIA, 1998. {{ISBN|2-86978-070-2}} 15. ^Ngom, Biram, Éthiopiques (revue), numéro 54, nouvelle série, vol. 7, semestre 1991 16. ^Diouf, Niokhobaye. "Chronique du royaume du Sine." Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972). pp 706-708 External linksThe Seereer Resource Centre, "Seereer Lamans and the Lamanic Era" (2015) [in] The Seereer Resource Centre, URL: http://www.seereer.com/laman] {{Serer topics|state=collapsed}} 4 : Serer history|Serer royalty|Ancient African people|Lamane |
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