“Lampedusa immigrant reception center”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Since the early 2000s, with the onset of the ever increasing mass migration to Europe, Lampedusa has become a prime transit point for irregular migrants from Africa, the Middle East and Asia wanting to enter Europe. In 2004, the Libyan and Italian governments reached a secret agreement that obliged Libya to accept those deported from Italian territories. This resulted in the mass return of many people from Lampedusa to Libya between 2004 and 2005 without the endorsement of European Parliament.^[3]

By 2006, many people were paying people smugglers in Libya to help get them to Lampedusa by boat.^[4] On arrival, most were then transferred by the Italian government to reception centres in mainland Italy. Many were then released because their deportation orders were not enforced.^[5]

In 2009, the overcrowded conditions at the island's temporary immigrant reception centre came under criticism by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The unit, which was originally built for a maximum capacity of 850 people, was reported to be housing nearly 2,000 boat people. Most of them were from Ghana, Mali and Nigeria and were working illegally as seasonal farm workers.^[6] A significant number of people were sleeping outdoors under plastic sheeting.^[7] A fire started during an inmate riot destroyed a large portion of the holding facility on 19 February 2009.

In 2011, the rebellions in Tunisia and Libya resulted in an increase in the rate of people moving to Lampedusa.^[8] By May 2011, more than 35,000 migrants had arrived on the island from Tunisia and Libya.^[9] By the end of August, 48,000 had arrived.^[10] Most were young males in their 20s and 30s.^[11] The situation has caused division within the EU, the French government regarding most of the arrivals as economic migrants rather than refugees in fear of persecution.^[12] The Libyan ambassador to Italy stated that Gaddafi controlled illegal migration to meet his goals: "he wanted to turn Lampedusa black with Africans".^[10]

In October 2013, the center accommodated the survivors of the shipwreck of a boat carrying migrants from Eritrea, Somalia and elsewhere, which capsized offshore, resulting in least 300 deaths.^[13]

In 2014, 170,100 migrants arrived in Italy by sea, a 296% increase compared to 2013. 141,484 of the travellers ferried over from Libya. Most of the migrants had come from Syria, Eritrea and various countries in West Africa.^[15]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://sievx.com/articles/psdp/2003/20030622JonathanMiller.html|title=Refugee crisis on Lampedusa|publisher=|accessdate=23 September 2016}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.interno.gov.it/mininterno/export/sites/default/it/sezioni/sala_stampa/notizie/immigrazione/0713__2008_10_13_modello_lampedusa.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-08-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301151124/http://www.interno.gov.it/mininterno/export/sites/default/it/sezioni/sala_stampa/notizie/immigrazione/0713__2008_10_13_modello_lampedusa.html |archivedate=2014-03-01 |df= }}
3. ^European Parliament resolution on Lampedusa, 14 April 2005
4. ^{{cite journal|title=Out of Africa: The human trade between Libya and Lampedusa|first1=Salvatore|last1=Coluccello|first2=Simon|last2=Massey|date=9 October 2007|journal=Trends in Organized Crime|volume=10|issue=4|pages=77–90|doi=10.1007/s12117-007-9020-y}}
5. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,1974925,00.html Bitter harvest], The Guardian, 19 December 2006
6. ^{{cite news|title=Assistance For Illegal Migrant Workers in Italy |url=http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/news/article.cfm?id=3363&cat=video |accessdate=10 October 2013 |newspaper=Médecins Sans Frontières |date=23 January 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621073658/http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/news/article.cfm?id=3363&cat=video |archivedate=21 June 2010 |df= }}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/497991064.html|title=News|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|last=Refugees|publisher=|accessdate=23 September 2016}}
8. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1373002/Gaddafis-diaspora-Libyans-overwhelming-Lampedusa.html | location=London | work=Daily Mail | first=Sue | last=Reid | title=Special dispatch: Gaddafi's diaspora and the Libyans overwhelming an Italian island who are threatening to come here | date=4 April 2011}}
9. ^{{cite news| url=https://af.reuters.com/article/libyaNews/idAFLDE74D02Z20110514 | work=Reuters | title=Hundreds more migrants reach Italy from Africa | date=14 May 2011}}
10. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/World/Story/A1Story20110826-296417.html|title=Gaddafi planned to turn Italian island into migrant hell|publisher=|accessdate=23 September 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927221510/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/World/Story/A1Story20110826-296417.html|archivedate=27 September 2016|df=}}
11. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/10/opinion/10iht-edguterres10.html | work=The New York Times | first=António | last=Guterres | title=Look Who's Coming to Europe | date=9 May 2011}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5jYWyqZanCi2M7i3Z_qsl0FmHlBkA?docId%3D6562488 |accessdate=2016-02-26 |df= }}{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
13. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24396020 | work=BBC News | title=Lampedusa disaster: Europe's migrant dilemma | date=4 October 2013|accessdate=9 October 2013}}
14. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24407808 |title=Lampedusa boat disaster: Aerial search mounted |work=BBC News |date=5 October 2013 }}
15. ^{{cite news|title=Analisi: Paolo Gentiloni|url=https://pagellapolitica.it/dichiarazioni/analisi/5221/paolo-gentiloni|work=Pagella Politica|date=22 February 2015}}

History

See also

References