| 词条 | Second EDSA Revolution | ||||
| 释义 |
|title=Second EDSA Revolution EDSA II |side3= |partof= |image= |caption= |date=January 17–20, 2001 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|year1=2001|month1=01|day1=17|year2=2001|month2=01|day2=20}}) |place=Philippines |coordinates= |causes= |goals= Remove Joseph Estrada from the office |methods=*Protests |status= |result=
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Militant groups:[1]
Individual groups: Makati Business Club[1]|side2=
|leadfigures1=
|leadfigures2=
|leadfigures3= |howmany1= |howmany2= |howmany3= |casualties1= |casualties2= |casualties3= |injuries= |fatalities= |arrests= |detentions= |charged= |fined= |casualties_label= |notes=}} The Second EDSA Revolution (EDSA II or EDSA Dos) was a four-day political protest from January 17–20, 2001 that peacefully overthrew the government of Joseph Estrada, the thirteenth President of the Philippines. Estrada was succeeded by his Vice-President, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, who was sworn into office by then-Chief Justice Hilario Davide, Jr. at around noon on January 20, 2001, several hours before Estrada fled Malacañang Palace. EDSA is an acronym derived from Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, the major thoroughfare connecting five cities in Metro Manila, namely Pasay, Makati, Mandaluyong, Quezon City, and Caloocan, with the revolution's epicentre at the EDSA Shrine church at the northern tip of Ortigas Center, a business district. Advocates described EDSA II as "popular" but critics view the uprising as a conspiracy among political and business elites, military top brass and Catholic Cardinal Jaime Sin.[2] International reaction to the revolt was mixed, with some foreign nations including the United States immediately recognising the legitimacy of Arroyo's presidency, and foreign commentators describing it as "a defeat for due process of law", "mob rule", and a "de facto coup".[3] The only means of legitimizing the event was the last-minute Supreme Court ruling that "the welfare of the people is the supreme law."[4] But by then, the Armed Forces of the Philippines had already withdrawn support for the president, which some analysts called unconstitutional, and most foreign political analysts agreeing with this assessment. William Overholt, a Hong Kong-based political economist said that "It is either being called mob rule or mob rule as a cover for a well-planned coup, ... but either way, it's not democracy."[3] It should also be noted that opinion was divided during EDSA II about whether Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as the incumbent Vice President should be President if Joseph Estrada was ousted; many groups who participated in EDSA II expressly stated that they did not want Arroyo for president either, and some of them would later participate in EDSA III. The prevailing Constitution of the Philippines calls for the Vice President of the Philippines, Arroyo at the time, to act as interim president only when the sitting President dies, resigns, or becomes incapacitated, none of which occurred during EDSA II. {{RegchangeRP}}{{History of the Philippines}}On October 4, 2000, Ilocos Sur Governor Luis "Chavit" Singson, a longtime friend of President Joseph Estrada, went public with accusations that Estrada, his family and friends received millions of pesos from operations of the illegal numbers game, jueteng.[5] The exposé immediately ignited reactions of rage. The next day, Senate Minority Leader Teofisto Guingona, Jr. delivered a fiery privilege speech accusing Estrada of receiving P220 million in jueteng money from Governor Singson from November 1998 to August 2000, as well as taking P70 million on excise tax on cigarettes intended for Ilocos Sur. The privilege speech was referred by Senate President Franklin Drilon, to the Blue Ribbon Committee and the Committee on Justice for joint investigation. Another committee in the House of Representatives decided to investigate the exposé, while other house members spearheaded a move to impeach the president.[5] More calls for resignation came from Manila Cardinal Archbishop Jaime Sin, the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines, former Presidents Corazon Aquino and Fidel Ramos, and Vice President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (who had resigned her cabinet position of Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development). Cardinal Sin stated in a statement "In the light of the scandals that besmirched the image of presidency, in the last two years, we stand by our conviction that he has lost the moral authority to govern."[6] More resignations came from Estrada's cabinet and economic advisers, and other members of congress defected from his ruling party.[5] On November 13, 2000, the House of Representatives led by Speaker Manuel Villar transmitted the Articles of Impeachment, signed by 115 representatives, to the Senate. This caused shakeups in the leadership of both houses of congress.[5] The impeachment trial was formally opened on November 20, with twenty-one senators taking their oaths as judges, and Supreme Court Chief Justice Hilario Davide, Jr. presiding. The trial began on December 7.[5] The day-to-day trial was covered on live Philippine television and received the highest viewing rating at the time.[5] Among the highlights of the trial was the testimony of Clarissa Ocampo, senior vice president of Equitable PCI Bank, who testified that she was one foot away from Estrada when he signed the name "Jose Velarde" documents involving a P500 million investment agreement with their bank in February 2000.[5] BackgroundEstrada was a popular actor-turned politician who ran under the slogan "Erap para sa mahirap," or "Erap for the poor" [7] (referring to Estrada's nickname “Erap”).[8] He was accused of receiving PHP 10 million monthly as protection money from gambling lords from November 1998 to August 2000 while he was president.[9] He also allegedly received PHP 130 million in kickbacks released by then budget secretary Benjamin Diokno for tobacco farmers,[9] while his wife Loi Ejercito's foundation allegedly received P100 million "to the detriment of regular beneficiaries."[10] Estrada was also accused of misusing 52 smuggled luxury vehicles,[9] nepotism,[11] and he allegedly hid assets and bought mansions for his mistresses.[12] An impeachment trial against Estrada began in the Philippine Senate on December 7, 2000.[13] Trial proceedings ended on January 18, 2001, after the trial jury decided not to examine evidence relating to Estrada's alleged secret bank account.[14] After the breakdown of the impeachment trial, protesters assembled on EDSA, Metro Manila's main thoroughfare, "in scenes reminiscent of the 1986 uprising which ousted the former dictator Ferdinand Marcos."[14] Timeline in EDSA 2On January 16, 2001, the impeachment trial of President Estrada moved to the investigation of an envelope containing crucial evidence that would allegedly prove acts of political corruption by Estrada. Senators allied with Estrada moved to block the evidence. The conflict between the senator-judges, and the prosecution became deeper, but then Senate Majority Floor Leader Francisco Tatad requested to the Impeachment court to make a vote for opening the second envelope. The vote resulted in 10 senators in favor of examining the evidence, and 11 senators in favor of suppressing it. The list of senators who voted for the second envelope are as follows:
After the vote, Sen. Aquilino Pimentel, Jr. resigned as Senate President and walked out of the impeachment proceedings together with the 9 opposition Senators and 11 prosecutors in the Estrada impeachment trial. The 11 administration senators who voted YES to block the opening of the second envelope remained in Senate Session Hall together with the members of the defense. The phrase "JOE'S COHORTS" quickly surfaced as a mnemonic device for remembering their names (JOE'S COHORTS: Jaworski, Oreta, Enrile, Santiago, Coseteng, Osmena, Honasan, Ople, Revilla, Tatad, Sotto).[15] However, in February 2001, at the initiative of Senate President Aquilino Pimentel, Jr., the second envelope was opened before the local and foreign media and it contained the document that stated that Jaime Dichavez and not Estrada owned the "Jose Velarde Account".[16][17] Day 1: Wednesday, January 17, 2001All 11 prosecutors in the Estrada impeachment trial resigned. Sen. Tessie Aquino-Oreta, one of three senators who voted against opening the envelope (a "NO" vote), was seen on national television; most assumed that she was dancing joyfully as the opposition walked out. This further fuelled the growing anti-Erap sentiments of the crowd gathered at EDSA Shrine, and she became the most vilified of the 11 senators. She was labelled a "prostitute" and a "concubine" of Erap for her dancing act, while Sen. Defensor-Santiago was also ridiculed by the crowd who branded her a "lunatic". As he did in the EDSA I protests, Cardinal Jaime Sin called on the people to join the rally at the shrine. During the night, people began to gather in large numbers around the shrine. Day 2: Thursday, January 18, 2001The crowd continues to grow, bolstered by students from private schools and left-wing organizations. Activists from the group Bayan and Akbayan as well as lawyers of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines and other bar associations joined in the thousands of protesters. A similar parallel anti-Estrada rally was held in Makati, and at the shrine area, just as in 1986, stars and icons from the music industry entertained the vast crowds. Day 3: Friday, January 19, 2001The Philippine National Police and the Armed Forces of the Philippines withdraw their support for Estrada, joining the crowds at the EDSA Shrine. At 2:00 PM, Joseph Estrada appears on television for the first time since the beginning of the protests and maintains that he will not resign. He says he wants the impeachment trial to continue, stressing that only a guilty verdict will remove him from office. At 6:15 PM, Estrada again appears on television, calling for a snap presidential election to be held concurrently with congressional and local elections on May 14, 2001. He adds that he will not run in this election. Day 4: Saturday, January 20, 2001At noon, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo takes her oath of office in the presence of the crowd at EDSA, becoming the 14th president of the Philippines. At the same time, however, a large anti-Estrada crowd had already gathered at the historic Mendiola Bridge, having left the shrine earlier in the day, only to face PNP personnel and the pro-Estrada supporters behind them, who had by now already attacked both the police and the anti-Estrada protesters and heckling them and even members of the press. At 2:00 PM, Estrada releases a letter saying he had "strong and serious doubts about the legality and constitutionality of her proclamation as president".[18] In that same letter, however, he says he would give up his office in order to allow for national reconciliation. Later, Estrada and his family evacuate Malacañan Palace on boat along the Pasig River. They are smiling and waving to reporters and shaking hands with the remaining Cabinet members and palace employees. He was initially placed under house arrest in San Juan, but was later transferred to his rest home in Sampaloc, a small village in Tanay, Rizal. AftermathOn the last day of protests on EDSA on January 20, 2001, Estrada resigned as president and his successor Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo was sworn into office by Supreme Court Chief Justice Hilario G. Davide Jr.[19][20] On September 12, 2007, Estrada was found guilty of plunder beyond reasonable doubt by the Philippine anti-graft court and sentenced to life imprisonment.[21][22][12] He was pardoned by Macapagal-Arroyo on October 25, 2007.[23][21] CriticismWorld reaction to the administration change was mixed. Though foreign nations, including the United States, immediately expressed recognition of the legitimacy of Arroyo's presidency, foreign commentators described the revolt as "a defeat for due process of law", "mob rule", and a "de facto coup".[3] On January 18, 2008, Joseph Estrada's Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (PMP) caused full-page advertisement in Metro Manila newspapers, blaming EDSA 2 of having "inflicted a dent on Philippine democracy". It featured clippings questioned the constitutionality of the revolution. The published featured clippings were taken from Time, The New York Times, The Straits Times, The Los Angeles Times, The Washington Post, Asia Times Online, The Economist, and International Herald Tribune. Supreme Court justice Cecilia Muñoz Palma opined that EDSA 2 violated the 1987 Constitution.[24] On February 2008 parts of the Catholic Church that played a vital role during EDSA II issued a sort of an apology. The Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) president and Iloilo Archbishop Angel Lagdameo expressed disappointment in Mrs. Arroyo, saying that the event which has become known as EDSA II, installed a president who was reported in February 2008 by the Philippine newspaper The Daily Tribune as "... now being adjudged in surveys as the country's 'most corrupt' leader".[25] On March 13, 2008, Joseph Estrada named Lucio Tan, Jaime Sin, Fidel Ramos, Luis Singson, and the Ayala and Lopez clans (who were both involved in water businesses) as co-conspirators of EDSA Revolution of 2001.[26] In October 2016, Estrada claimed that it was the U.S. that ousted him from office.[27] References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|editor1-last=Baumgartner|editor1-first=Jody|editor2-last=Kada|editor2-first=Naoko|title=Checking Executive Power: Presidential Impeachment in Comparative Perspective|date=Jan 1, 2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275979263|edition=illustrated|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1rtFINZszScC&pg=PA59 |chapter=Weak Institutions and Strong Movements: The Case of President Estrada's Impeachment and Removal in the Philippines|pages=45–63}} 2. ^Bowring, Philip. Filipino Democracy Needs Stronger Institutions. International Herald Tribune website. 2001, January 22. Retrieved January 27, 2009. 3. ^1 2 Mydans, Seth. [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/05/world/people-power-ii-doesn-t-give-filipinos-the-same-glow.html 'People Power II' Doesn't Give Filipinos the Same Glow]. February 5, 2001. The New York Times. 4. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/89502/sc-people%C3%A3%C2%A2%C3%A2%E2%80%9A%C2%AC%C3%A2%E2%80%9E%C2%A2s-welfare-supreme-law | title=SC: People's welfare is the supreme law | date=January 21, 2001 | accessdate=February 18, 2013 | newspaper=The Philippine Star}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web |url=http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2001/mar2001/146710_15.htm |title=Estrada vs Desierto: 146710-15 : March 2, 2001 : J. Puno : En Banc |publisher=Supreme Court of the Philippines |date=March 2, 2001 |accessdate=February 18, 2013}} 6. ^Amando Doronila, The Fall of Joseph Estrada, 2001, p. 83 7. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/flashback/158523-look-back-edsa-ii-joseph-estrada-gloria-arroyo|title=Looking back at EDSA II: The political paths of Estrada and Arroyo|last=|first=|date=January 17, 2017|work=Rappler|access-date=2018-04-27|language=en}} 8. ^{{Cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/688526/fpj-didnt-want-to-be-associated-with-joseph-erap-estrada-angara|title=FPJ didn’t want to be associated with Erap Estrada—Angara|last=Ager|first=Maila|date=April 30, 2015|work=Inquirer|access-date=2018-04-27|language=en}} 9. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/128607/fast-facts-estrada-impeachment-trial|title=Fast Facts: Estrada Impeachment Trial|last=Inquirer|first=Philippine Daily|access-date=2018-04-27|language=en}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://archives.newsbreak-knowledge.ph/2001/10/31/everyones-cash-cow/|title=Everyone's Cash Cow|last=Rufo|first=Aries|date=October 31, 2001|website=Newsbreak|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-04-27}} 11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2001/02/22/89813/probe-estrada-continue|title=Probe of Estrada to continue|last=Danao|first=Efren|date=February 22, 2001|website=Philstar|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-04-27}} 12. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/sep/12/philippines|title=Estrada given life sentence for corruption|last=Sturcke|first=James|date=2007-09-12|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-04-27}} 13. ^{{Cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/851372/did-you-know-estrada-impeachment-trial|title=DID YOU KNOW: Estrada impeachment trial|last=Inquirer|first=Philippine Daily|access-date=2018-04-27|language=en}} 14. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jan/20/johnaglionby1|title=Filipinos rally to oust the president|last=Aglionby|first=John|date=2001-01-20|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-04-27}} 15. ^Armageddon Averted: People Power 2001 (January 2001), Asian Business Strategy and Street Intelligence Ezine. 16. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-29648010_ITM | work=Asia Africa Intelligence Wire | title=Dichavez owned bank account, says Pimentel | date=May 31, 2005}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/erapplundertrial/story/127550/BIR-wants-Erap-to-pay-P29B-tax-Estrada-cries-harassment |title=Erap Plunder Trial - BIR wants Erap to pay P2.9B tax; Estrada cries harassment |publisher=GMANews.TV |date=2008-10-16 |accessdate=August 24, 2013}} 18. ^{{cite book|author=Dirk J. Barreveld|title=Philippine President Estada Impeached!: How the President of the World's 13th Most Populous Country Stumbles Over His Mistresses, a Chinese Conspiracy and the Garbage of His Capital|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-vfMSL4h-kC|year=2001|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-18437-8|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=K–vfMSL4h–kC&pg=PA476 476]}} 19. ^{{Cite news|url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/92289/sc-arroyo-takeover-constitutional|title=SC: Arroyo takeover constitutional|last=Panganiban|first=Artemio V.|date=January 24, 2016|work=Inquirer|access-date=2018-04-27|language=en}} 20. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/01/27/1417225/erap-resigned-president-cant-run-again-lawyer|title=Erap resigned as president, can't run again — lawyer|last=Diaz|first=Jess|date=January 27, 2015|website=Philstar|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-04-27}} 21. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/84269/estradas-plunder-conviction-remembered|title=Estrada’s plunder conviction remembered|last=Rodis|first=Rodel|date=August 28, 2013|work=Inquirer|access-date=2018-04-27|language=en}} 22. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/60117/erap-guilty-of-plunder-sentenced-to-reclusion-perpetua/story/|title=Erap guilty of plunder, sentenced to reclusion perpetua|last=|first=|date=September 12, 2007|work=GMA News Online|access-date=2018-04-27|language=en-US}} 23. ^{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-philippines-estrada-idUKMNB0007120071025|title=Former Philippine president Estrada pardoned|last=Mogato|first=Manny|date=October 25, 2007|work=Reuters|access-date=2018-04-27|language=en-GB}} 24. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/76974/Eraps-PMP-questions-EDSA-2-constitutionality |title=GMA NEWS.TV, Erap's PMP questions EDSA 2 constitutionality |publisher=Gmanews.tv |date=January 18, 2008 |accessdate=August 24, 2013}} 25. ^{{Cite journal|url=http://www.tribune.net.ph/headlines/20080220hed1.html|title=Edsa II a mistake, says CBCP head|author=Ayen Infante|date=February 20, 2008|publisher=The Daily Tribune|location=Philippines|accessdate=June 18, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423112807/http://www.tribune.net.ph/headlines/20080220hed1.html|archivedate=April 23, 2008|postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}} 26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/84514/7-years-after-ouster-Erap-bares-5-conspirators |title=GMA NEWS.TV, 7 years after ouster, Erap bares 5 conspirators |publisher=Gmanews.tv |date=2008-03-12 |accessdate=August 24, 2013}} 27. ^{{cite web |url=http://thestandard.com.ph/news/-main-stories/top-stories/219537/duterte-is-right-estrada-insists.html |title=Manila Standard, Duterte is right, Estrada insists }} Further reading
External links
10 : 2000s coups d'état and coup attempts|2001 in the Philippines|21st-century revolutions|Battles and conflicts without fatalities|History of the Philippines (1986–present)|History of Metro Manila|Nonviolent revolutions|Protests in the Philippines|Rebellions in the Philippines|Presidency of Joseph Estrada |
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