| 词条 | Section 51(xx) of the Constitution of Australia |
| 释义 |
Section 51(xx) of the Australian Constitution, is a subsection of Section 51 of the Australian Constitution that gives the Commonwealth Parliament the power to legislate with respect to "foreign corporations, and trading or financial corporations formed within the limits of the Commonwealth". This power has become known as "the corporations power", the extent of which has been the subject of numerous judicial cases. Jurisprudence to 1971After the High Court's decision in Huddart, Parker & Co Ltd v Moorehead (1909),[1] the "corporations" power was largely ignored as a basis for Commonwealth legislation. The majority judges agreed in this case that the power should be construed narrowly, though they were unable to agree on any appropriate interpretation. Their approach reflected the perceived need to protect "the reserved powers of the States", an idea abandoned in 1920 as a result of the Engineer' case.[2] Justice Issacs dissent in Huddart, Parker gave a broad meaning to s 51(xx) but attempted to set limits to the power, in particular pointing out:
It was not until Huddart Parker was overruled in Strickland v Rocla Concrete Pipes Ltd[3] that the modern development of the power began. In that case, the leading judgment was delivered by Chief Justice Barwick, who, although agreeing that Isaacs' dissent in Huddart Parker conformed to the reasoning in Engineers, refused to define the scope of the corporations power. He stated instead that "the decision as to the validity of particular laws yet to be enacted must remain for the Court when called upon to pass upon them". Corporations subject to the powerThe High Court in New South Wales v Commonwealth (1990) (the Incorporation Case)[4] confirmed that the ambit of the corporations power extends only to corporations that have already been formed, and, therefore, it does not include the power to incorporate them. It extends only to domestic corporations of a trading or financial character, and to all corporations formed outside Australia, and they are collectively referred to as "constitutional corporations".[5] In most of the early cases, the question of what aspects or activities of a corporation can be regulated under s 51(xx) was not directly addressed. Some incidental points were clarified in R v Australian Industrial Court; Ex parte CLM Holdings Pty Ltd.[6] That case established that, where the activities of a s 51(xx) corporation were validly regulated, the conduct of individual persons taking part in those activities, such as company directors, could incidentally be regulated as well. In Actors and Announcers Equity Association v Fontana Films Pty Ltd,[7] the Court still did not deal directly with the regulation of a corporation's activities. The whole Court upheld a section that protected a corporation against a secondary boycott. The legislative purpose thus upheld was protection of corporations rather than regulation of them. The case also provided an opportunity for extensive discussion of how far the "corporations" power might extend. The WorkChoices case provides the current definition for the extent of the corporations power, as noted in its majority opinion:
Characteristics of trading and financial corporationsWhether a corporation falls within the group of "trading or financial corporations" has been the focus of much attention and debate. The dominant issues revolve around the type of corporation and the nature of the activities that characterise it as falling within s. 51(xx). In that regard:
See also{{Category see also|Corporations power in the Australian Constitution cases}}
References1. ^1 {{Cite AustLII|litigants=Huddart, Parker & Co Ltd v Moorehead|link=Huddart, Parker & Co Ltd v Moorehead|source=HCA|num=36|year=1909|pinpoint=|parallelcite=(1909) 8 CLR 330|date=7 June 1909|courtname=High Court|juris=}} 2. ^{{Cite AustLII|litigants=Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co (Engineers' case) |link=Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co. Ltd. |year=1920 |court=HCA |num=54 |parallelcite=(1920) 28 CLR 129}}. 3. ^{{Cite AustLII|litigants=Strickland v Rocla Concrete Pipes Ltd ("Concrete Pipes case")|link=Strickland v Rocla Concrete Pipes Ltd|source=HCA|num=40|year=1971|pinpoint=|parallelcite=(1971) 124 CLR 468|date=3 September 1971|courtname=High Court|juris=}} 4. ^{{Cite AustLII|litigants=NSW v Commonwealth (the Incorporations case)|link=New South Wales v Commonwealth (1990)|source=HCA|num=2|year=1990|pinpoint=|parallelcite=(1990) 169 CLR 482|date=8 February 1990|courtname=High Court|juris=}} 5. ^1 {{Cite web|title = Is your organisation a Constitutional Corporation?|url = https://wiki.qut.edu.au/download/attachments/5250979/Static+copy+of+checklist+-+Jobs+Australia.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1190858489000|accessdate=25 September 2012}} 6. ^{{Cite AustLII|litigants=R v Australian Industrial Court; Ex parte CLM Holdings Pty Ltd|link=|source=HCA|num=6|year=1977|pinpoint=|parallelcite=(1977) 136 CLR 235|date=10 February 1977|courtname=High Court|juris=}} 7. ^{{Cite AustLII|litigants=Actors & Announcers Equity Association v Fontana Films Pty Ltd|link=|source=HCA|num=23|year=1982|pinpoint=|parallelcite=(1982) 150 CLR 169|date=11 May 1982|courtname=High Court|juris=}} 8. ^{{Cite AustLII|litigants=NSW v Commonwealth (the WorkChoices case)|link=New South Wales v Commonwealth (2006)|source=HCA|num=52|year=2006|pinpoint=par. 178|parallelcite=81 ALJR 34; 231 ALR 1|date=14 November 2006|courtname=High Court|juris=}} 9. ^{{harvnb|Dixon|2005|p=9}} 10. ^{{Cite AustLII|litigants=Quickenden v Commissioner O'Connor of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission|link=|source=FCA|num=303|year=2001|pinpoint=|parallelcite=|date=23 March 2001|courtname=Federal Court|juris=}} 11. ^{{harvnb|Dixon|2005|p=8}} 12. ^{{harvnb|Dixon|2005|p=16}} 13. ^{{Cite AustLII|litigants=R v Federal Court of Australia; Ex parte WA National Football League ("Western Australia Football case")|link=|source=HCA|num=6|year=1979|pinpoint=|parallelcite=(1979) 143 CLR 190|date=27 February 1979|courtname=High Court|juris=}} 14. ^{{Cite AustLII|litigants=Commonwealth v Tasmania ("Tasmanian Dam case")|link=Commonwealth v Tasmania|source=HCA|num=21|year=1983|pinpoint=|parallelcite=(1983) 158 CLR 1|date=1 July 1983|courtname=High Court|juris=}} 15. ^{{harvnb|Dixon|2005|p=13}} 16. ^{{Cite AustLII|litigants=Fencott v Muller ("O'Connors Winebar case")|link=|source=HCA|num=12|year=1983|pinpoint=|parallelcite=(1983) 152 CLR 570|date=28 April 1983|courtname=High Court|juris=}} 17. ^{{harvnb|Dixon|2005|pp=12{{endash}}13}} 18. ^{{Cite AustLII|litigants=R v Trade Practices Tribunal; Ex parte St George County Council|link=|source=HCA|num=7|year=1974|pinpoint=|parallelcite=(1974) 130 CLR 533|date=4 March 1974|courtname=High Court|juris=}} 19. ^{{harvnb|Dixon|2005|p=10}} 20. ^{{Cite AustLII|litigants=State Superannuation Board v Trade Practices Commission|link=|source=HCA|num=72|year=1982|pinpoint=|parallelcite=(1982) 150 CLR 282|date=14 December 1982|courtname=High Court|juris=}} Further reading
1 : Australian constitutional law |
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