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词条 Sedentary lifestyle
释义

  1. History

  2. Health effects

  3. Solutions

     Workplace initiatives to address employee health 

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

{{About|the medical term|the anthropologic concept|sedentism}}{{Redirect|Couch potato|other uses|Couch potato (disambiguation)}}{{medref|date=October 2018}}

A sedentary lifestyle is a type of lifestyle involving little or no physical activity. A person living a sedentary lifestyle is often sitting or lying down while engaged in an activity like reading, socializing, watching television, playing video games, or using a mobile phone/computer for much of the day. A sedentary lifestyle can potentially contribute to ill health and many preventable causes of death.[1]

Screen time is a modern term for the amount of time a person spends looking at a screen such as a television, computer monitor, or mobile device. Excessive screen time is linked to negative health consequences.[2][3][4][5]

History

Over the last hundred years, there has been a large shift from manual labor jobs (e.g. farming, manufacturing, building) to office jobs which is due to many contributing factors including globalization, outsourcing of jobs and technological advances (specifically internet and computers). In 1960, there was a decline of jobs requiring moderate physical activity from 50% to 20%, and one in two Americans had a physically demanding job, while in 2011 this ratio was one in five.[6] From 1990 to 2016, there was a decrease of about one third in manual labor jobs/employment.[7] In 2008, the United States American National Health Interview Survey found that 36% of adults were inactive, and 59% of adult respondents never participated in vigorous physical activity lasting more than 10 minutes per week.[8] According to a 2018 study, office based workers typically spend 70-85% sitting.[9]

Health effects

Effects of a sedentary work life or lifestyle can be either direct or indirect. One of the most prominent direct effect of a sedentary lifestyle is an increased BMI leading to obesity. A lack of physical activity is one of the leading causes of preventable death worldwide.[10]

At least 300,000 premature deaths, and $90 billion in direct healthcare costs are caused by obesity and sedentary lifestyle per year in the US alone.[11] The risk is higher among those that sit still more than {{nowrap|5 hours}} per day. It is shown to be a risk factor on its own independent of hard exercise and BMI. People that sit still more than {{nowrap|4 hours}} per day have a {{nowrap|40 percent}} higher risk than those that sit fewer than {{nowrap|4 hours}} per day. However, those that exercise at least {{nowrap|4 hours}} per week are as healthy as those that sit fewer than {{nowrap|4 hours}} per day.[12][13]

Indirectly, an increased BMI due to a sedentary lifestyle can lead to decreased productivity and increased absenteeism from necessary activities like work.[14] Missing work and not being productive results in obvious short term and long term effects like less income and job security.

A sedentary lifestyle and lack of physical activity can contribute to or be a risk factor for:

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
  • Anxiety[15][16]
  • Cardiovascular disease[17]
  • Migraines
  • Breast cancer
  • Colon cancer[16]
  • Computer vision syndrome only for computers and tablets
  • Depression[16][18]
  • Diabetes[16]
  • Gout
  • High blood pressure[16][19]
  • Lipid disorders[16]
  • Skin problems such as hair loss{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}
  • Mortality in adults[20][21]
  • Obesity[22][23]
  • Osteoporosis[16][24][25]
  • Scoliosis[16][24][25]
  • Spinal disc herniation (low back pain)[26]
{{div col end}}

Solutions

As a response to concerns over health and environmental issues, some organizations have promoted active travel, which seeks to promote walking and cycling as safe and attractive alternatives to motorized transport.[27] Additionally, some organizations have implemented exercise classes at lunch, walking challenges among co-workers, or allowing employees to stand rather than sit at their desk during the workday. Workplace interventions such as alternative activity workstations, sit-stand desks, promotion of stair use are among measures being implemented to counter the harms of sedentary workplace environments.[28] A Cochrane systematic review published in 2016 concluded that "at present there is very low quality evidence that sit-stand desks can reduce sitting at work at the short term. There is no evidence for other types of interventions." Also, evidence was lacking on the long term health benefits of such interventions.[29]{{Update inline|reason=Updated version https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29926475|date = July 2018}} Similarly a recently published review concluded that interventions aimed at reducing sitting outside of work were only modestly effective.[30] Organizations may also offer cholesterol or blood pressure screenings to employees.[31]

Workplace initiatives to address employee health

Workplace initiatives are practices and programs sponsored by employers to promote employee health, and in turn, reduce insurance costs for the employer. Multiple studies have been done on the effectiveness of healthy workplace initiative programs. Programs can be focused on either weight reduction, or prevention of further weight gain and may include a wide variety of methods such as health care screenings, smoking cessation programs, discounted gym/fitness memberships, ergonomic controls (standing desks, ergonomic keyboards), wellness classes, providing healthy food at meetings and employee events, stocking vending machines with healthy options, and surgical intervention. Due to the wide variety of work environments, and inconsistent habits and lifestyles of individuals across different workplaces, these studies have not been conclusive regarding the effectiveness of these type of programs on BMI.[32] However, other associations have been linked between workplace initiatives and outcomes such as increased work productivity or a decrease in the amount of sick days.[33]

See also

  • 9 to 5
  • Active transportation
  • Childhood obesity
  • Exercise trends
  • Laziness
  • Neurobiological effects of physical exercise
  • Simple living
  • Sloth (deadly sin)
  • Workaholic
  • Lack of physical education

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://health.gov/paguidelines/second-edition/report/|title=2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report|last=|first=|date=18 Feb 2019|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
2. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/pubmed/fdn022|pmid=18375469|title=Relationship between screen time and metabolic syndrome in adolescents|journal=Journal of Public Health|volume=30|issue=2|pages=153–160|year=2008|last1=Mark|first1=A. E|last2=Janssen|first2=I}}
3. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1367/1539-4409(2001)001<0244:HTAAWS>2.0.CO;2|year=2001|volume=1|issue=5|pages=244–251|title=Household Television Access: Associations with Screen Time, Reading, and Homework Among Youth|journal=Ambulatory Pediatrics|last1=Wiecha|first1=Jean L|last2=Sobol|first2=Arthur M|last3=Peterson|first3=Karen E|last4=Gortmaker|first4=Steven L}}
4. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.02.042|pmid=18534231|title=Combined Influence of Physical Activity and Screen Time Recommendations on Childhood Overweight|journal=The Journal of Pediatrics|volume=153|issue=2|pages=209–214|year=2008|last1=Laurson|first1=Kelly R|last2=Eisenmann|first2=Joey C|last3=Welk|first3=Gregory J|last4=Wickel|first4=Eric E|last5=Gentile|first5=Douglas A|last6=Walsh|first6=David A}}
5. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Olds | first1 = T. | last2 = Ridley | first2 = K. | last3 = Dollman | first3 = J. | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-842X.2006.tb00106.x | title = Screenieboppers and extreme screenies: The place of screen time in the time budgets of 10–13 year-old Australian children | journal = Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = 137–142 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16681334| pmc = }}
6. ^Parker-Pope, T. (2011). Less Active at Work, Americans Have Packed on Pounds.https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/25/less-active-at-work-americans-have-packed-on-pounds/
7. ^The State of American Jobs (2016). http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/10/06/1-changes-in-the-american-workplace/
8. ^{{cite journal | first = John R. | last = Pleis| first2 = Jacqueline W. | last2 = Lucas | first3 = Brian W. | last3 = Ward | title = Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey | url = https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_242.pdf | series = Series Reports from the National Health Interview Survey #10 | year = 2008 | pages = 11 | publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention }}
9. ^Edwardson, C. L., Biddle, S. J. H., Clarke-Cornwell, A., Clemes, S., Davies, M. J., Dunstan, D. W., . . . Munir, F. (2018). A three arm cluster randomised controlled trial to test the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the SMART Work & Life intervention for reducing daily sitting time in office workers: study protocol. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1120. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6017-1
10. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ |title=Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data |journal=Lancet |volume=367 |issue=9524 |pages=1747–57 |date=May 2006 |pmid=16731270 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9 |url=}}
11. ^Manson, JoAnn E., et al. "The escalating pandemics of obesity and sedentary lifestyle: a call to action for clinicians." Archives of internal medicine 164.3 (2004): 249-258.
12. ^smh.com.au - Sitting can lead to an early death: study, 2012-03-28
13. ^{{cite journal |author1=Dunstan David W. |author2=Owen Neville | year = 2012 | title = New Exercise Prescription: Don't Just Sit There: Stand Up and Move More, More Often | url = http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/172/6/500 | journal = Arch Intern Med | volume = 172 | issue = 6| pages = 500–501 | doi = 10.1001/archinternmed.2012.209 |pmid=22450937 }}
14. ^Goettler A, Grosse A, Sonntag D. Productivity loss due to overweight and obesity: a systematic review of indirect costs. BMJ Open 2017; 7: e014632. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014632
15. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Teychenne M, Costigan SA, Parker K | title = The association between sedentary behaviour and risk of anxiety: a systematic review | journal = BMC Public Health | volume = 15 | pages = 513 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 26088005 | pmc = 4474345 | doi = 10.1186/s12889-015-1843-x }}
16. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web| title = Physical Activity|publisher = World Health Organization| url = http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/pa/en/index.html| accessdate = January 23, 2010}}
17. ^{{cite web| title = Physical inactivity a leading cause of disease and disability, warns WHO |publisher = World Health Organization| url = http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/release23/en/index.html| accessdate = January 23, 2010 }}
18. ^{{cite web| title = The Influence of Exercise on Mental Health| author = Daniel M. Landers| publisher = President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports | quote = The research literature suggests that for many variables there is now ample evidence that a definite relationship exists between exercise and improved mental health. This is particularly evident in the case of a reduction of anxiety and depression.| url = http://www.fitness.gov/mentalhealth.htm| accessdate = February 5, 2010 }}
19. ^{{cite web| title = Who Is At Risk for High Blood Pressure?|publisher = National Institutes of Health| url = http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Hbp/HBP_WhoIsAtRisk.html | accessdate = April 15, 2010 }}
20. ^{{cite journal|last1=Biswas|first1=A|last2=Oh|first2=PI|last3=Faulkner|first3=GE|last4=Bajaj|first4=RR|last5=Silver|first5=MA|last6=Mitchell|first6=MS|last7=Alter|first7=DA|title=Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=20 January 2015|volume=162|issue=2|pages=123–32|doi=10.7326/M14-1651|pmid=25599350}}
21. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Stewart RA, Benatar J, Maddison R |title=Living longer by sitting less and moving more |journal=Current Opinion in Cardiology |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=551–7 |year=2015 |pmid=26204494 |doi=10.1097/HCO.0000000000000207 |type=Review}}
22. ^{{cite web| title = Obesity and Overweight for Professionals: Causes| publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention| url = https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/causes/index.html| accessdate = January 19, 2010| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160224122909/http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/causes/index.html| archivedate = February 24, 2016| df = }}
23. ^{{cite web| title = Overweight and Obesity: What You Can Do| publisher = Office of the Surgeon General| url = http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/calltoaction/fact_whatcanyoudo.html| accessdate = January 19, 2010 }}
24. ^1 {{cite web| title = Exercise and Bone Health|publisher = National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases|year= 2009| url = http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Bone_Health/Exercise/default.asp | accessdate = February 1, 2010 }}
25. ^1 {{cite web| title = Osteoporosis — Frequently Asked Questions| publisher = United States Department of Health and Human Services| year = 2009| url = http://www.womenshealth.gov/faq/osteoporosis.cfm| accessdate = February 1, 2010| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100324063819/http://www.womenshealth.gov/faq/osteoporosis.cfm| archivedate = March 24, 2010| df = }}
26. ^{{cite journal| pmid=7604337 | volume=20 | issue=6 | title=Natural course and prognosis of intervertebral disc diseases. International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine Seattle, Washington, June 1994 | date=March 1995 | author=Kraemer J | journal=Spine | pages=635–9 | doi=10.1097/00007632-199503150-00001}}
27. ^{{cite web | title = KidsWalk-to-School: Barriers and Solutions | publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | year = 2008 | url = https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/kidswalk/then_and_now.htm | accessdate = January 25, 2010 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100309081256/http://www.cdc.gov/NCCDPHP/DNPA/KIDSWALK/then_and_now.htm | archivedate = March 9, 2010 | df = }}
28. ^{{cite journal|last1=Commissaris|first1=DA|last2=Huysmans|first2=MA|last3=Mathiassen|first3=SE|last4=Srinivasan|first4=D|last5=Koppes|first5=LL|last6=Hendriksen|first6=IJ|title=Interventions to reduce sedentary behavior and increase physical activity during productive work: a systematic review|journal=Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health|date=18 December 2015|pmid=26683116|doi=10.5271/sjweh.3544|volume=42|issue=3|pages=181–91}}
29. ^{{cite journal|last1=Shrestha|first1=N|last2=Kukkonen-Harjula|first2=KT|last3=Verbeek|first3=JH|last4=Ijaz|first4=S|last5=Hermans|first5=V|last6=Bhaumik|first6=S|title=Workplace interventions for reducing sitting at work.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=17 March 2016|pages=CD010912|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010912.pub3|pmid=26984326|volume=3}}
30. ^{{cite journal|last1=Shrestha|first1=N|last2=Grgic|first2=J|last3=Weisner|first3=G|last4=Parker|first4=A|last5=Podnar|first5=H|last6=Bennie|first6=J|last7=Biddle|first7=SJH|last8=Pedisic|first8=Zeljko|title=Effectiveness of interventions for reducing non-occupational sedentary behaviour in adults and older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=British Journal of Sports Medicine|pages=bjsports–2017–098270|date=13 January 2018|doi=10.1136/bjsports-2017-098270|pmid=29331992}}
31. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.heart.org/en/professional/workplace-health/health-screening-services/employers-are-increasingly-using-workplace-health-screenings|title=Employers are increasingly using workplace health screenings|website=www.heart.org|language=en|access-date=2018-10-17}}
32. ^Shrestha, Nipun & Pedisic, Zeljko & Neil-Sztramko, Sarah & T. Kukkonen-Harjula, Katriina & Hermans, Veerle. (2016). The Impact of Obesity in the Workplace: a Review of Contributing Factors, Consequences and Potential Solutions. Current Obesity Reports. 5. 10.1007/s13679-016-0227-6.
33. ^(2017). Paid Sick Leave and Risks of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality among Adult Workers in the USA. International journal of environmental research''and public health, 14(10),1247. doi:10.3390/ijerph14101247

External links

{{Wiktionary|sedentary}}
  • {{cite web | last = Judson | first = Olivia | title = Stand Up While You Read This | date = 2010-02-23 | publisher = New York Times | work = Opinionator | url = http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/23/stand-up-while-you-read-this/}}
  • {{cite web | last = Gardner| first = Amanda | title = Study: The longer you sit, the shorter your life | date = 2010-07-27 | publisher = USA Today | work = Health Interactives | url = https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2010-07-27-sitting-death_N.htm}}
  • {{cite news | last = Vlahos | first = James | title = Is Sitting a Lethal Activity? | date = 2011-04-14 | publisher = New York Times | work = Magazine | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/17/magazine/mag-17sitting-t.html}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sedentary Lifestyle}}Mode de vie sédentaire

3 : Lifestyles|Obesity|Medical terminology
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