| 词条 | Law of Mexico |
| 释义 |
The law of Mexico is based upon the Constitution of Mexico and follows the civil law tradition.{{sfn|LLRX|2008}} SourcesThe hierarchy of sources of law can be viewed as the Constitution, legislation, regulations, and then custom.{{sfn|Avalos|2013|p=12}} Alternatively, the hierarchy can be viewed as the Constitution, treaties, statutes, codes, doctrine, custom, and then general principles of law.{{sfn|LLRX|2008}} Federal ConstitutionThe Constitution of Mexico is the fundamental law ({{lang|es|ley fundamental}}).{{sfn|LLRX|2008}} LegislationThe Mexican Congress creates legislation in the form of regulatory laws ({{lang|es|leyes reglamentarias}}) that implement the Constitution, organic acts ({{lang|es|leyes orgánicas}}) that implement the organization, powers, and functions of governmental agencies, and ordinary laws ({{lang|es|leyes ordinarias}}).{{sfn|LLRX|2008}} They are published in the Official Journal of the Federation ({{lang|es|Diario Oficial de la Federación}}, DOF). RegulationsThe President of Mexico creates regulations ({{lang|es|reglamentos}}) for the purpose of interpreting, clarifying, expanding or supplementing the language of legislative enactments.{{sfn|LLRX|2008}} They are published in the Official Journal of the Federation ({{lang|es|Diario Oficial de la Federación}}, DOF). Case lawMexico utilizes a form of {{lang|fr|jurisprudence constante}}. The decisions of the Supreme Court are binding on lower courts as {{lang|es|jurisprudencias}} only upon five consecutive and uninterrupted decisions ({{lang|es|ejecutorias}}) approved by at least eight justices when in plenary sessions ({{lang|fr|en banc}}) or by at least four justices when in chambers.{{sfn|LLRX|2008}} The decisions of the Collegiate Circuit Courts are {{lang|es|jurisprudencias}} provided they are based upon five consecutive and uninterrupted decisions approved by unanimity of votes of the magistrates who compose each collegiate court.{{sfn|LLRX|2008}} Decisions are distilled into theses ({{lang|es|tesis}}), of which the {{lang|es|tesis jurisprudencial}} are binding ({{lang|es|jurisprudencia obligatoria}}), the {{lang|es|tesis aisladas}} are not binding, and the {{lang|es|tesis sobresalientes}} are theses of note which are not binding but have persuasive value.{{sfn|Serna de la Garza|2009|pp=141-144}}{{sfn|Avalos|2013|p=16}} Such decisions are published in the Federal Judicial Weekly ({{lang|es|Semanario Judicial de la Federación}}) through its gazette ({{lang|es|Gaceta del Semanario Judicial de la Federación}}).{{sfn|LLRX|2008}} Complete decisions are rarely published in the {{lang|es|Semanario}}, though it is not unheard of if the Supreme Court, a collegiate circuit court, or the General Coordinator of Compilation and Systematization of Theses ({{lang|es|Coordinación General de Compilación y Sistematización de Tesis}}) deems they should be published; instead, it mainly includes {{lang|es|tesis de jurisprudencia}} or {{lang|es|tesis aisladas}}.[1] Moreover, theses that have acquired the character of binding criteria ({{lang|es|tesis de jurisprudencia}}) are published every year in an appendix to the {{lang|es|Semanario}}.[1] In some jurisdictions, there may also exist executive administrative courts, which are not bound by these {{lang|es|jurisprudencias}}.[2][3] Doctrine{{see also|Category:Mexican law journals}}The civil law tradition was developed by, and as such the "authorities" were and continue to be, legal scholars and not judges and lawyers as in the common law tradition.{{sfn|Avalos|2013|p=13}}[4] The legal treatises produced by these scholars are called doctrine ({{lang|es|doctrina}}), and are used much in the same way case law is used in the common law tradition.{{sfn|Avalos|2013|p=13}} However, these scholarly contributions do not carry the force of law and are not legally binding.{{sfn|LLRX|2008}} CustomMexican law recognizes custom, the rules, principles, and norms formed through a gradual but uniform passage of time, but only when this recognition is based upon an explicit provision of the applicable law allowing for such recognition.{{sfn|LLRX|2008}} General principles of law"General principles of law", expressly cited by Article 14 of the Constitution, have not been expressly defined by legislation, but legal maxims such as equity, good faith, {{lang|la|pacta sunt servanda}}, the right of self-defense, and {{lang|la|suum cuique}} tend to be cited by legal scholars.{{sfn|LLRX|2008}} State constitutions and lawEach of Mexico's 31 states and the Federal District has its own constitution, known as a state or local constitution ({{lang|es|Constitución del Estado}} or {{lang|es|Constitutución local}}).{{sfn|LLRX|2008}} Each state's or the Federal District's laws and regulations are published in their respective Official State Gazettes ({{lang|es|Gaceta Oficial del Estado}}).{{sfn|LLRX|2008}} At the state and local level, publication of complete binding court opinions (versus {{lang|es|tesis}}) is extremely limited or simply nonexistent.[1] {{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
}} JurisprudenceThe civil law tradition (as developed by the legal scholars, i.e. doctrine) tends to treat the divisions of law in normative terms.{{sfn|Merryman|2007|p=91}} There are two major areas of law: private law, concerning the relationships between individuals, and public law, concerning the relationships between individuals and the government.{{sfn|Avalos|2013|p=2}}{{sfn|Merryman|2007|p=92}} The civil code is the most important embodiment of law, based on Roman law. Other topics include those related to philosophy of law, including the major schools of thought and the major disagreements; objective law and subjective rights; substantive law and procedural law; statutory law and customary law; federal law, state law and municipal law; and national law, international law and community law. Public lawMexico's major codes regarding public law are the Federal Criminal Code (the criminal code) and the Federal Criminal Procedure Code (the code of criminal procedure).{{sfn|LLRX|2008}}{{sfn|Avalos|2013|p=12}} Other codes of importance include the Fiscal Code ({{lang|es|Codigo Fiscal de la Federacion}}) (tax law) and the Federal Labor Law ({{lang|es|Ley Federal del Trabajo}}) (Mexican labor law).{{sfn|Avalos|2013|p=11}} Private lawMexico's major codes regarding private law are the Federal Civil Code (the civil code), Federal Commercial Code (the commercial code), and the Federal Civil Procedure Code (the code of civil procedure).{{sfn|LLRX|2008}}{{sfn|Avalos|2013|p=12}} See alsoTopics
Other
References1. ^1 2 {{cite journal|title=The Concept of Jurisprudencia in Mexican Law|first=José María|last=Serna de la Garza|journal=Mexican Law Review|volume=1|issue=2|pages=144–145|year=2009|url=http://biblio.juridicas.unam.mx/revista/MexicanLawReview/numero/2/nte/nte5.htm|ref=harv}} {{refbegin}}2. ^{{cite book|chapter=Mexico|first1=Juan Francisco|page=121|last1=Torres Landa R.|first2=Omar|last2=Guerrero R.|first3=Humberto|last3=Zacarías F.|title=International Civil Procedure|year=2002|volume=2|isbn=978-1-4357-0227-1|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=jCLQ866ApLcC&pg=PP122}} 3. ^{{cite journal|title=A Comparative-Empirical analysis of administrative courts in Mexico|first1=Sergio|last1=López Ayllón|first2=Adriana|last2=García García|first3=Ana Elena|last3=Fierro Ferráez|journal=Mexican Law Review|volume=7|issue=2|pages=3–35|year=2015|doi=10.1016/S1870-0578(16)30001-4|ref=harv}} 4. ^{{cite book|title=The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America|first=John Henry|last=Merryman|edition=3rd|year=2007|publisher=Stanford University Press|pages=56–60|isbn=978-0-8047-5569-6|lccn=2007003956|url=https://books.google.dk/books?id=6OJf9CbgKTkC&pg=PA56|ref=harv}}
External linksSources
1 : Mexican law |
| 随便看 |
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。