“Leader of Sinn Féin”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The leader of Sinn Féin (alternatively known as the Uachtarán Shinn Féin or President of Sinn Féin) is the most senior politician within the Sinn Féin political party in Ireland. Since 10 February 2018, the office has been held by Mary Lou McDonald, following the decision of Gerry Adams to stand aside as leader of the party.^[1]

The Vice-President of Sinn Féin is Michelle O'Neill.^[2] O'Neill also succeeded Martin McGuinness in his role as Sinn Fein's Assembly leader.^[3]

Background

The post of the President of Sinn Féin was officially created in 1905 when Arthur Griffith founded the party. Edward Martyn, a cultural activist and playwright was selected as the first president at its first annual Ard Fheis on the 28 November 1905. Unlike other Irish political parties, most notably Fine Gael and Fianna Fáil, the President of Sinn Féin does not have the power to dismiss or appoint their deputy and to dismiss or appoint parliamentary party members to front bench positions. These decisions are taken by the Ard Chomhairle (National Executive).

In the Northern Ireland Assembly, Sinn Féin is in government under a power-sharing agreement with the Alliance Party, Democratic Unionist Party, Social Democratic and Labour Party and the Ulster Unionist Party. The President of Sinn Féin does not act as the Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland, If the President is not a member of the Assembly, then an MLA of the party is appointed as Leader in the North to replace him or her.

Until 2010, Sinn Féin did not have enough TDs to qualify for group speaking rights in Dáil Éireann. If the President is not a member of Dáil Éireann, then a TD is appointed in his or her place to act as the leader of the parliamentary party. Since 2011, the President of Sinn Féin has served as the Second Leader of the Opposition and chairs the second opposition front bench.^[4]

To date, only one of the fourteen leaders—Éamon de Valera—has held public office while serving as leader. Another, Arthur Griffith, held office subsequent to his leadership. Griffith, who stepped down as president in 1917, was elected MP in the House of Commons in a by-election in 1918; De Valera, who succeeded him, had been elected as an MP in a by-election in 1917. Neither took his seat, as per the party's abstentionist policy. Both were elected in the 1918 general election and were involved in the creation of the First Dáil. De Valera served as President of the Dáil and Griffith served first as Minister for Home Affairs, then as Minister for Foreign Affairs, and finally, following the Anglo-Irish Treaty, as President of the Dáil. De Valera, as an anti-Treaty republican, did not sit in the Third Dáil. He resigned from both the leadership and the party in 1926, when his motion to allow elected members to sit in the Dáil was defeated at the party's Ard Fheis.^[5] De Valera's successor John J. O'Kelly was one of four leaders who served for brief periods of time as Sinn Féin’s party membership declined in favour of Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael.

In 1937, Margaret Buckley became the first female President of Sinn Féin. During her thirteen years as leader, she vastly improved the relations between the IRA and the party. She was succeeded by Paddy McLogan and Tomás Ó Dubhghaill who both helped rebuild party support in the aftermath of World War II. Tomás Mac Giolla became president in 1962 and served for over eight years as leader of the party. When the party split, Mac Giolla remained leader of Official Sinn Féin. Official Sinn Féin was later renamed the Workers' Party. Ruairí Ó Brádaigh was elected as the new leader of the Provisional Sinn Féin in 1970. Ó Brádaigh's presidency was shaped by relentless violence between republican and loyalist paramilitaries and the British security forces. He was one of the republican representatives which met with the British representatives in hope of ending the Troubles.

Ó Brádaigh resigned in 1983, due to dissatisfaction among party activists in Northern Ireland. Vice President Gerry Adams became the fourteenth President of the party in 1983. He became the longest serving president in the party’s history. During his presidency, the IRA declared a ceasefire and the Good Friday Agreement was signed. Party support rose as Sinn Féin became the largest nationalist party in Northern Ireland. In 2011, Gerry Adams left the Northern Ireland Assembly and won a seat in Dáil Éireann. He is the first president since 1926 to also sit in Dáil Éireann. On 23 January 2017 Michelle O'Neill was selected as the leader of Sinn Féin in the North, replacing Martin McGuinness.

Presidents

1905–1926

1926–present

{{anchor|Vice-Presidents}}{{anchor|Vice Presidents}}Vice Presidents

The Deputy leader of Sinn Féin is usually a senior politician within Sinn Féin.

Unlike other political party leaders, the leader of Sinn Féin does not have the power to appoint or dismiss their deputy. The position is elected by members of the party at the Ardfheis. The Vice-President has a seat on the Ard Chomhairle (National Executive) Officer Board.

1905–1983

1983–present

Following the election of Gerry Adams as the 14th President of Sinn Féin, the position of co-vice presidents was removed. Instead, a single vice-president was elected at the 1983 Ard Fheis to serve in place of the two former vice-presidents.

Parliamentary party leaders

Leader in Dáil Éireann

Leader in Northern Ireland Assembly

Leader in Seanad Éireann

Leader in European Parliament

Electoral history

See also

Notes

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/19392|title=Remembering the Past: Gerry Adams elected president of Sinn Féin|work=An Phoblacht|date=20 November 2008|accessdate=4 June 2014}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0108/112462-sinnfein/|title=McDonald proposed as SF vice president|work=RTÉ|date=8 January 2009|accessdate=4 June 2014}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jan/23/sinn-fein-names-michelle-oneill-as-new-leader-in-northern-ireland |title=Sinn Féin names Michelle O'Neill as new leader in Northern Ireland |work=The Guardian |date=24 January 2017 |accessdate=24 January 2017}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/politics/adams-unveils-new-sinn-fein-front-bench-149079.html|title=Adams unveils new Sinn Féin front bench|work=Irish Examiner|date=23 March 2011|accessdate=4 June 2014}}
5. ^{{cite book |last1=Laffan |first1=Michael |title=The Resurrection of Ireland: The Sinn Féin Party, 1916–1923 |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=113942629X |page=441 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbz6p-O39aoC&pg=PA441 |accessdate=7 January 2019}}
6. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Richard |title=Arthur Griffith and Non-Violent Sinn Fein |date=1974 |publisher=Anvil Books |location=Dublin |pages=173–6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KqBnAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=7 January 2019}}
7. ^Laffan (1999), pp. 117, 441