| 词条 | Leiothrichidae |
| 释义 |
| image = A03 2880 640x427.jpg | image_caption = White-crested laughingthrush (Garrulax leucolophus) | taxon = Leiothrichidae | authority = Swainson, 1832 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = Dozens; see article text }}{{Cladogram |caption=Cladogram based on Cibois et al. 2018.[1] |align=right |cladogram={{Cladex| style=font-size:80%;line-height:75%;width:150px; |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=Grammatoptila |2={{clade |1=Cutia |2=Laniellus }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Trochalopteron |2={{clade |1=Montecincla |2={{clade |1=Actinodura |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Minla |2=Leioptila |2={{clade |1=Leiothrix |2={{clade |1=Liocichla |2=Heterophasia }} }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Argya |2=Turdoides |2={{clade |1=Garrulax |2={{clade |1=Ianthocincla |2=Pterorhinus }} }} }} }} }} }} }} The laughingthrushes are a family of Old World passerine birds. They are diverse in size and coloration. These are birds of tropical areas, with the greatest variety in Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. The entire family used to be included in the Timaliidae. CharacteristicsThey are small to medium-sized birds. They have strong legs, and many are quite terrestrial. They typically have generalised bills, similar to those of a thrush. Most have predominantly brown plumage, with minimal difference between the sexes, but many more brightly coloured species also exist.[1] This group is not strongly migratory, and most species have short rounded wings, and a weak flight. They live in lightly wooded or scrubland environments, ranging from swamp to near-desert. They are primarily insectivorous, although many will also take berries, and the larger species will even eat small lizards and other vertebrates.[1] TaxonomyThe family Leiothrichidae was introduced (as a subfamily Leiotrichanae) by the English naturalist William Swainson in 1832.[2] A comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study of the family published in 2018 led to substantial revision of the taxonomic classification.[3] The laughingthrushes in the genus Garrulax were found to belong to three separate clades that had diverged in the Miocene 7-9 million year ago. The genus was therefore split with Garrulax restricted to one clade and the genera Pterorhinus and Ianthocincla resurrected for the other two clades. The genus Turdoides was also split and species moved into the resurrected genus Argya.[3][7] In a separate change, the crocias were moved to the genus Laniellus Swainson, 1832 which has priority over Crocias Temminck, 1836.[7][4][5] List of generaThe family contains 135 species divided into 16 genera:[6]
References1. ^1 {{cite book |editor=Forshaw, Joseph|author= Perrins, C.|year=1991|title=Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds|publisher= Merehurst Press|location=London|pages= 188–190|isbn= 1-85391-186-0}} 2. ^{{ cite book | last1=Swainson | first1=William John | author1-link=William John Swainson | last2=Richardson | first2=J. | author2-link=John Richardson (naturalist) | year=1831 | title=Fauna boreali-americana, or, The zoology of the northern parts of British America | volume=Part 2. The Birds | publisher=J. Murray | place=London | page=490 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41549935 }} The title page bears the year 1831 but the volume did not appear until 1832. 3. ^1 2 {{ cite journal | last1=Cibois | first1=A. | last2=Gelang | first2=M. | last3=Alström | first3=P. | last4=Pasquet | first4=E. | last5=Fjeldså | first5=J. | last6=Ericson | first6=P.G.P. | last7=Olsson | first7=U. | year=2018 | title=Comprehensive phylogeny of the laughingthrushes and allies (Aves, Leiothrichidae) and a proposal for a revised taxonomy | journal=Zoologica Scripta | volume=47 | issue=4 | pages=428-440 | doi=10.1111/zsc.12296 }} 4. ^{{ cite journal | last1=Gregory | first1=S.M.S. | last2=Dickinson | first2=E. | year=2012 | title=An assessment of three little‐noticed papers on avian nomenclature by G.N. Kashin during 1978‐1982 | journal=Zootaxa | volume=3340 | pages=44-58 [51] | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286020655 }} 5. ^{{ cite book | editor-last1=Dickinson | editor-first1=E.C. | editor1-link=Edward C. Dickinson | editor-last2=Christidis | editor-first2=L. | editor2-link=Leslie Christidis | year=2014 | title=The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World | volume=Volume 2: Passerines | edition=4th | place=Eastbourne, UK | publisher=Aves Press | isbn=978-0-9568611-2-2 | page=548 }} 6. ^1 2 {{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2019 | title=Laughingthrushes and allies | work=World Bird List Version 9.1 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/laughingthrushes/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=16 January 2019 }} Further reading{{Commonscat}}{{Wikispecies}}
4 : Leiothrichidae|Bird families|Sylvioidea|Birds of Asia |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。