| 词条 | Selfishness |
| 释义 |
Selfishness is the opposite of altruism or selflessness; and has also been contrasted (as by C. S. Lewis) with self-centeredness.[3] Divergent viewsThe implications of selfishness have inspired divergent views within religious, philosophical, psychological, economic, and evolutionary contexts. ClassicalAristotle joined a perceived majority of his countrymen in condemning those who sought only to profit themselves; but he approved the man of reason who sought to gain for himself the greatest share of that which deserved social praise.[4]Seneca proposed a cultivation of the self within a wider community – a care for the self which he opposed to mere selfishness in a theme that would later be taken up by Foucault.[5]Medieval/RenaissanceSelfishness was viewed in the Western Christian tradition as a central vice – as standing at the roots of the Seven deadly sins in the form of pride.[6] Francis Bacon carried forward this tradition when he characterised “Wisdom for a man's self...[a]s the wisdom of rats”.[7]ModernityWith the emergence of a commercial society, Bernard Mandeville proposed the paradox that social and economic advance depended on private vices – on what he called the sordidness of selfishness.[8] Adam Smith with the concept of the invisible hand saw the economic system as usefully channelling selfish self-interest to wider ends;[9] while John Locke based society upon the solitary individual, arguably opening the door for later thinkers like Ayn Rand to argue for selfishness as a social virtue and the root of social progress.[10]Roman Catholic philosopher Jacques Maritain opposed the latter view by way of the Aristotelian argument that framing the fundamental question of politics as a choice between altruism and selfishness is a basic and harmful mistake of modern states. Rather, cooperation ought to be the norm: human beings are by nature social animals, and so individual persons can only find their full good in and through pursuing the good of the community.[11] PsychologyLack of empathy has been seen as one of the roots of selfishness, extending as far as the cold manipulation of the psychopath.[12] The contrast between self-affirmation and selfishness has become a conflictual arena in which the respective claims of individual/community are often played out between parents and children[13] or men and women, for example.[14] Psychoanalysts favor the development of a genuine sense of self, and may even speak of a healthy selfishness,[15] as opposed to the self-occlusion[16] of what Anna Freud called 'emotional surrender'.[17]CriminologySelf-centeredness was marked as a key feature in a phenomenological theory of criminality named "The Criminal Spin" model. Accordingly, in most criminal behaviors there is an heightened state of self-centeredness, that differently manifests itself in different situations and in different forms of criminality.[18] See also{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
}} References1. ^"Selfish" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019174738/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/selfish?show=0&t=1408827003 |date=2014-10-19 }}, Merriam-Webster Dictionary, accessed on 23 August 2014 2. ^Selfishness - meaning, reference.com, accessed on 23 April 2012 3. ^C. S. Lewis, Surprised by Joy (1988) p. 116-7 4. ^Aristotle, Ethics (1976) p. 301-3 5. ^G. Gutting ed., The Cambridge Companion to Foucault (2003) p. 138-30 6. ^Dante, Purgatorio (1971) p. 65 7. ^Francis Bacon, The Essays (1985) p. 131 8. ^Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees (1970) p. 410 and p. 81-3 9. ^M. Skousen, The Big Three in Economics (2007) p. 29 10. ^P. L. Nevins, The Politics of Selfishness (2010) p. xii-iii 11. ^{{cite book|last=Maritain|first=Jacques|title=The Person and the Common Good|year=1973|publisher=University of Notre Dame Press|location=Notre Dame, IN|isbn=978-0268002046}} 12. ^D. Goleman, Emotional Intelligence (1996) p. 104-10 13. ^R. D. Laing, Self and Others (1969) p. 142-3 14. ^What is Selfish? 15. ^N. Symington, Narcissism (1993) p. 8 16. ^Terence Real, I Don't Want to Talk About It (1997) p. 203-5 17. ^Adam Phillips, On Flirtation (1994) p. 98 18. ^Ronel, N. (2011). Criminal behavior, criminal mind: Being caught in a criminal spin. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 55(8), 1208 - 1233 Further reading
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