| 词条 | Lengo language | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=Lengo |states=Solomon Islands |region=Guadalcanal |speakers=14,000 |date=1999 |ref=e18 |familycolor=Austronesian |fam2=Malayo-Polynesian |fam3=Oceanic |fam4=Southeast Solomonic |fam5=Gela–Guadalcanal |fam6=Gelic |iso3=lgr |glotto=leng1259 |glottorefname=Lengo }} Lengo is a Southeast Solomonic language of Guadalcanal. PhonologyVowelsLengo has 6 vowels (Unger, 2008:5).
Vowel sequences occur commonly for all combinations of these vowels, with the exception of {{IPA|/uo/}}. The front open-mid vowel {{IPA|/ɛ/}} never occurs in sequence. ConsonantsLengo has 15 consonants (Unger, 2008:4).
Voiced stops are prenasalized. Two instances of regional variation in these phonemes have been observed. These are {{IPA|/v/}} becoming {{IPA|/β/}}, and {{IPA|/ð/}} becoming {{IPA|/z/}}. MorphologyPronominal SystemsLengo has five sets of pronominal forms. These are emphatic, subject reference, object, direct possessor, and indirect possessor. These distinguish maximally between four persons (first person inclusive and exclusive, second, and third person), and four numbers (singular, plural, dual, and paucal). There is no grammatical gender distinction, but there is an animacy distinction in the object paradigm. Two further uses of these pronominal forms occur - a reflexive pronoun, and a set of interrogative pronouns (Unger, 2008:27-29). The dual and paucal forms are derived from the plural forms by the addition of ko- and tu- respectively. The dual forms are used only to indicate 'two and only two', whilst the plural and paucal forms mean 'two or more' and 'three or more' respectively. First person exclusive excludes the addresse(s). Emphatic PronounsThe emphatic pronoun in Lengo is optional, and can occur in combination with obligatory pronouns that may occur with subject or object function. It can also appear without other pronouns. It is used to emphasize the semantic role of a noun in a clause (Unger, 2008:29).
Subject Reference PronounsThe subject reference pronoun appears as the first element in a verb phrase. It is obligatory in any main clause, but can be excepted in subordinate clauses. It is optional in imperative sentences (Unger, 2008:34).
Object PronounsThe object form in Lengo is identified using a set of pronominal suffixes, which index the object arguments on the verb. In instances where a verb takes both a direct and indirect object, only the indirect object is marked. The third person plural object form is marked for animate or inanimate objects (Unger, 2008:39).
Direct Possessor PronounsThe direct possessor form is used for inalienably possessed nouns. It is a suffix on the possessed noun that indicates the possessor. In the case of the dual and paucal forms, number is indicated as a prefix on the noun, and the plural form of the possessive suffix is used (Unger, 2008:42).
The third person singular direct possessor appears in two forms, with '-a' being more prevalent than '-na' (Unger, 2008:41). Examples:
Indirect Possessor PronounsThe indirect possessor form is used for alienably possessed nouns. It occurs as a free morpheme preceding the possessed noun. There are two categories distinguished - 'oral consumable' and 'general'. The oral consumable category includes items that are able to be eaten, drunk, or consumed via the mouth, such as tobacco (Unger, 2008:42).
General form:
Reflexive PronounsA reflexive pronoun is composed when a direct possessor suffix is added to the stem 'tibo'. This results in a valency decrease of the verb (Unger, 2008:44). Examples:
Interrogative and Relative PronounsLengo has two pronouns that have interrogative or relative uses. 'thi' is used if the reference is human, and 'tha' if the reference is non-human (Unger, 2008:45). Relative use:
Interrogative use:
External links
References{{Refbegin}}Unger, Paul (2008). Aspects of Lengo Grammar, Canada Institute of Linguistics at Trinity Western University. {{Refend}}{{Languages of the Solomon Islands}} 2 : Gela-Guadalcanal languages|Languages of the Solomon Islands |
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