| 词条 | Semyon Lavochkin |
| 释义 |
|image =Semyon_Lavochkin.jpg |image_size = |alt = |caption = |name = Semyon Alekseyevich Lavochkin |nationality = Soviet Union (Russian) |birth_date = September 11, 1900 |birth_place = Smolensk, Russian Empire |death_date = {{Death date and age|1960|06|09|1900|09|11}} |death_place = Karagandy Province, Kazakh SSR, USSR |education = |spouse = |parents = |children = |discipline = Aeronautical Engineering |institutions = |practice_name = |employer = Lavochkin design bureau |significant_projects = |significant_design = |significant_advance = |significant_awards = }}Semyon Alekseyevich Lavochkin ({{lang-ru|Семён Алексе́евич Ла́вочкин}}; September 11, 1900 - June 9, 1960), was a Soviet aerospace engineer, Soviet aircraft designer who founded the Lavochkin aircraft design bureau.[1] Many of his fighter designs were produced in large numbers for Soviet forces during World War II.[2][3] BiographyLavochkin was born to a Jewish family of teachers in Smolensk. After graduation in 1918, he enlisted in the Red Army and served in the infantry in the Russian Civil War. In 1920, he began studies at the Moscow State Technical University, from which he graduated in 1927. He then served for two years as an intern at the design department of the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute under the direction of Andrei Tupolev, where he assisted in the design of the Tupolev TB-3 heavy bomber. While at TsAGI, his colleagues included the French seaplane designer Paul Richard, as well as Mikhail Gurevich and Nikolay Kamov. In the early 1930s, he transferred to the Central Design Office, where he was assigned work on stratospheric aircraft, balloons and pressurized cockpits. However, as he came increasingly interested in the design of fighter aircraft, he moved to the design office of Dmitry Pavlovich Grigorovich, whom he assisted in the development of the Grigorovich I-Z fighter. In 1938, after combat experiences in the Spanish Civil War and at the Battles of Khalkhin Gol against the Japanese, it became clear that the Soviet fighter designs were lagging behind international standards. Lavochkin established his own design bureau in 1939. Starting with the LaGG-1, he produced thousands of fighters which formed the backbone of the Soviet Air Force during the Second World War. He is especially known for the La-5 and La-7, which are among the best Soviet fighter aircraft of World War II. The top Allied ace, Ivan Kozhedub shot down 62 German airplanes, flying in fighters designed by Lavochkin. From 1941 to 1945 a total of over 22,000 Lavochkin fighters were produced.[4][5][6] However, Lavochkin's fortunes faded after the war. His La-9 and La-11 were the last piston-engined fighters in Soviet service, and were replaced after a short time by jets. Although he continued pioneering work in this field (the La-176 was the first Soviet supersonic aircraft), his aircraft consistently placed second in competitions with other design bureaux, notably that of Artem Ivanovich Mikoyan. After his death, due to a heart attack during a test of an air defense system in the Kazakh SSR at the age of 60, the focus of the design office shifted to surface to air missiles (most notably the SA-2 Guideline), and to space projects. In 1944, Lavochkin was given the honorary rank of Major-General of Engineering/Technical Service. From 1950-1958, Lavochkin also served as a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. He also became an Academician of USSR Academy of Sciences in 1958. He died in 1960 and was buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery. Awards and honors
References1. ^Central Museum of the Military Air Forces of the Russian Federation 2. ^{{cite book|last1=Moore|first1=Jason|title=Lavochkin Fighters of the Second World War|date=2017|publisher=Fonthill Media|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8LVUDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT54&lpg=PT54&dq=Semyon+Lavochkin&source=bl&ots=5Rgiaj1VVD&sig=BZH4s9-gvme4kXYh0lPCx5BPYVY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiv5aTxoorXAhVEAsAKHdBHDH04ChDoAQg1MAI#v=onepage&q=Semyon%20Lavochkin&f=false|accessdate=24 October 2017|language=en}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=The Birth of a Soviet Design Legend|url=https://warthunder.com/en/news/833--en|website=warthunder.com|accessdate=24 October 2017|language=en}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Lavochkin LaGG-3|url=http://spartacus-educational.com/2WWlavochkin.htm|website=Spartacus Educational|accessdate=24 October 2017}} 5. ^{{cite web|last1=Kinville|first1=Patrick|title=The Development of the Soviet Union’s La-5 Fighter in WWII|url=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/world-war-ii/development-soviet-unions-la-5-fighter-wwii-xc.html|website=WAR HISTORY ONLINE|accessdate=24 October 2017|date=4 June 2017}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=Lavochkin La-5FN|url=https://weaponsandwarfare.com/2016/06/27/lavochkin-la-5fn/|website=Weapons and Warfare|accessdate=24 October 2017|date=26 June 2016}}
15 : Lavochkin|1900 births|1960 deaths|Russian aerospace engineers|Soviet aerospace engineers|20th-century engineers|Soviet politicians|Bauman Moscow State Technical University alumni|Heroes of Socialist Labour|Recipients of the Order of Lenin|Stalin Prize winners|Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class|Russian Jews|Soviet Jews|Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery |
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