| 词条 | Levant Fleet | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|unit_name=Levant Fleet | image= Royal Louis-Maitre Rodolphe 1667 img 3092.jpg | image_size = 300 |caption= {{ship|French ship|Royal Louis|1668|2}}, flagship of the Levant Fleet under Louis XIV[1] |dates= 1689–1792 |country=Kingdom of France |branch= Royal French Navy |type= Naval fleet |role= Naval operations in the Mediterranean |size= |current_commander= |garrison= Arsenal of Toulon Arsenal of Galères |ceremonial_chief= |ceremonial_chief_label= |colonel_of_the_regiment= |nickname= |motto= |march= |mascot= |battles=Franco-Dutch War Nine Years' War War of the Spanish Succession War of the Austrian Succession Seven Years' War American War of Independence |notable_commanders= |anniversaries= |identification_symbol= |identification_symbol_label= |identification_symbol_2= |identification_symbol_2_label=Abbreviation }} The Levant Fleet ({{lang-fr|Flotte du Levant}}) was the designation under the Ancien Regime for the naval vessels of the Royal French Navy in the Mediterranean. The fleet carried out operations such as asserting naval supremacy and protecting convoys. Its counterpart was the Flotte du Ponant, which saw service in the English Channel and in the Atlantic Ocean. ArsenalsAt first based in Fréjus, from the beginning of the 17th century the fleet was based at two specialized arsenals:
Flagships{{Main|Admiral of France}}The fleet's flagship was traditionally the Réale, flying the flag of {{ill|général des galères|lt=général des galères|fr|général des galères}} (grand-officer of the crown of France), as seen at the Musée national de la Marine. The flagship was always the most powerful ship present in Toulon; under Louis XIV this was the either 110-gun {{ship|French ship|Royal Louis|1668|2}} constructed in 1667 and destroyed in 1690[2] or her successor, also named {{ship|French ship|Royal Louis|1692|2}}, constructed in 1692.[3] The gun decks of these vessels were painted red, upper decks in blue, picked out with gilding. Under Louis XVI the flagships were the 110-gun {{ship|French ship|Majestueux|1781|2}} constructed in 1780[4] and then the 118-gun {{sclass-|Océan|ship of the line|0}} {{ship|French ship|Commerce de Marseille|1788|2}} constructed in 1788. Vice admiralsThe command of the Levant and the Ponant fleets were entrusted on 12 November 1669 to two vice-admirals. The first vice-admiral of the Levant was Anne Hilarion de Costentin, Comte de Tourville, designated as such in 1669. Louis XIV had intended to appoint Abraham Duquesne to share the post, but he died in 1688, and the Comte de Tourville continued in the post until 1701.
Although Tourville commanded the fleet during the battles of the reign of Louis XIV, his successors were too old to have likely served at sea. The squadrons were confined during the 18th century to the {{ill|Lieutenant Generals of the Naval Armies|fr|lieutenants généraux des armées navales}}. The rank of Lieutenant-General of the Armies ({{lang-fr|Lieutenant-Général des Armées}}) or Lieutenant-General of the Naval Armies ({{lang-fr|Lieutenant-Général des Armées Navales}}) for the French Navy, was the highest rank in the military hierarchy of the Ancien Regime, only accessible to the nobility. The rank was only surpassed by the Marshals of France, and the general colonels in the Army, and the Admirals of France and vice-admirals of France, for the French Navy, titled not as a military rank, but one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France, a dignity both honorific and lucrative. The rank of lieutenant general was the equivalent of the actual rank of division general and that of Lieutenant-General of Naval Armies of the Vice-Amiral (Vice-Admiral) of France. The ranks of lieutenant-general of the armies were renamed as division general and vice-admiral in 1791. In 1814, the rank of division general was designated again as lieutenant general of the armies, before definitely being attributed the rank of general in 1848. AdministrationThe Fleet of the Levant was renamed the "Mediterranean Squadron" (escadre de la Méditerranée) after the French Revolution. The fleet was successively almost annihilated during the Siege of Toulon in 1793 and during the battles of the Nile in 1798 and Trafalgar in 1805. The term "Fleet of the Levant" was temporary readopted after the French Restoration and the July Monarchy. The French naval force in the Mediterranean is currently administered by the Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean. References1. ^Par maître Rodolphe, in Histoire de la Marine française illustrée, Larousse, 1934. 2. ^Royal-Louis (1668), the first of the 15 Royal-Louis was destroyed in 1690. 3. ^Royal-Louis 1692, the second of the 15 Royal-Louis was disarmed in 1716 and destroyed in 1727. 4. ^Majestueux was renamed Républicain (Republican) in 1797; destroyed in 1808. Bibliographie
1 : Navy of the Ancien Régime |
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