1. History
    Early history  Control of the islands by Japan and the US 

2. Geography
    Flora and fauna 

3. Sovereignty dispute

4. In popular culture

5. See also

6. Footnotes

7. References

8. Further reading

9. External links

Uotsuri-shima / Diaoyu Dao
Taishō-tō / Chiwei Yu
Kuba-shima / Huangwei Yu
Kita-Kojima / Bei Xiaodao
Minami-Kojima / Nan Xiaodao

The {{Nihongo|Senkaku Islands|{{linktext|尖|閣|諸|島}}|Senkaku-shotō|variants: 尖閣群島 Senkaku-guntō^[6] and 尖閣列島 Senkaku-rettō^[7]}} are a group of uninhabited islands in the East China Sea. They are located roughly due east of Mainland China, northeast of Taiwan, west of Okinawa Island, and north of the southwestern end of the Ryukyu Islands. They are also known as the Diaoyu Islands ({{zh|s={{linktext|钓鱼|岛|及|其|附属|岛屿}}|p= Diàoyúdǎo jí qí fùshǔ dǎoyǔ}}; also simply 钓鱼岛) in Mainland China, the Diaoyutai Islands ({{zh|t={{linktext|釣魚|台|列|嶼}}|p=Diàoyútái liè yǔ}}) in Taiwan, and the Pinnacle Islands.^{[8][9][10][11][12]}

As a result of the discovery of potential undersea oil reserves in 1968 in the area and the 1971 transfer of administrative control of the islands from the United States to Japan, the latter's sovereignty over the territory is disputed by both the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (also known as Taiwan).^{[13][14][15][16][17]}

China claims the discovery and ownership of the islands from the 14th century, while Japan maintained ownership of the islands from 1895 until its surrender at the end of World War II. The United States administered the islands as part of the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands from 1945 until 1972, when the islands returned to Japanese control under the Okinawa Reversion Agreement between the United States and Japan.^[18]

The islands are disputed between Japan and China and between Japan and Taiwan.^[19] Despite the diplomatic stalemate between mainland China and Taiwan, both governments agree that the islands are part of Taiwan as part of Toucheng Township in Yilan County. Japan regards the islands as a part of the city of Ishigaki in Okinawa Prefecture and acknowledges the claims of neither China nor Taiwan, but has not allowed the Ishigaki administration to develop the islands.

History

Early history

Records of these islands date back to as early as the 15th century when they were referred as Diaoyu in books such as Voyage with a Tail Wind ({{zh|t=順風相送|s=顺风相送|p=Shùnfēng Xiāngsòng}}) (1403) ^[20] and Record of the Imperial Envoy's Visit to Ryūkyū ({{zh|t=使琉球錄|s=使琉球录|p=Shĭ Liúqiú Lù}}) (1534). Adopted by the Chinese Imperial Map of the Ming Dynasty, the Chinese name for the island group (Diaoyu) and the Japanese name for the main island (Uotsuri) both mean "fishing".

In 1171 (in the Southern Song Dynasty), Wang Dayou, who guarded Fujian Province, established a military camp in Penghu, and sent his generals to control the islands. Taiwan and its affiliated islands, including Diaoyu Island, were under the military jurisdiction of Penghu and administered by Jinjiang, Quanzhou, Fujian Province.^[21]

In the 1470s( early Ming Dynasty), China had implemented effective jurisdiction over the Diaoyu Islands and other islands, and patrolling the sea could be a strong proof of the actual jurisdiction. In the fifth year of Hongwu (1372), the Ming Dynasty specifically ordered Zhejiang and Fujian to build sea boats to prevent Japan. The Records of Ming Taizu recorded that Zhang He and Wu Zhen, both voyagers of Jinghai, had led boat divisions to the "Ryukyu Ocean".^[22]

The Qing court not only incorporated the Diaoyu Dao Islands into the scope of China's coastal defense as the Ming court did, but also clearly placed the islands under the jurisdiction of the local government of Taiwan. Official documents of the Qing court, such as A Tour of Duty in the Taiwan Strait (Tai Hai Shi Cha Lu) and Annals of Taiwan Prefecture (Tai Wan Fu Zhi) all gave detailed accounts concerning China's administration over Diaoyu Dao. Volume 86 of Recompiled General Annals of Fujian (Chong Zuan Fu Jian Tong Zhi), a book compiled by Chen Shouqi and others in 1871 (the tenth year of the reign of Emperor Tongzhi of the Qing Dynasty), included Diaoyu Dao as a strategic location for coastal defense and placed the islands under the jurisdiction of Gamalan, Taiwan (known as Yilan County today).^[23][24]

Historically, the Chinese had used the uninhabited islands as navigational markers in making the voyage to the Ryukyu Kingdom upon commencement of diplomatic missions to the kingdom, "resetting the compass at a particular isle in order to reach the next one".^[25]

The first published description of the islands in Europe appears in a book imported by Isaac Titsingh in 1796. His small library of Japanese books included {{Nihongo|Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu|三国通覧図説|An Illustrated Description of Three Countries}} by Hayashi Shihei.^[26] This text, which was published in Japan in 1785, described the Ryūkyū Kingdom.^[27] Hayashi followed convention in giving the islands their Chinese names in his map in the text, where he coloured them in the same pink as China.^[28]

In 1832, the Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland supported the posthumous abridged publication of Titsingh's French translation.^[29]

The name, "Pinnacle Isles" was first used by James Colnett, who charted them during his 1789-1791 voyage in the Argonaut.^[30] William Robert Broughton sailed past them in November 1797 during his voyage of discovery to the North Pacific in HMS Providence, and referred to Diaoyu Island/Uotsuri Island as "Peaks Island".^[31] Reference was made to the islands in Edward Belcher's 1848 account of the voyages of HMS Sammarang.^[32] Captain Belcher observed that "the names assigned in this region have been too hastily admitted."^[33] Belcher reported anchoring off Pinnacle Island in March 1845.^[34]

In the 1870s and 1880s, the English name Pinnacle Islands was used by the British navy for the rocks adjacent to the largest island Uotsuri-shima / Diaoyu Dao (then called 和平嶼 hô-pîng-sū, "Peace Island" in Hokkien); Kuba-shima / Huangwei Yu (then called Ti-a-usu); and Taishō-tō / Chiwei Yu.^[35]

A Japanese navy record issued in 1886 first started to identify the islets using equivalents of the Chinese and English terms employed by the British. The name "Senkaku Retto" is not found in any Japanese historical document before 1900 (the term "Senkaku Gunto" began being used in the late 19th century), and first appeared in print in a geography journal published in 1900. It was derived from a translation of the English name Pinnacle Islands into a Sinicized Japanese term "Sento Shoto" (as opposed to "Senkaku Retto", i.e., the term used by the Japanese today), which has the same meaning.^[36]

The collective use of the name "Diaoyutai" to denote the entire group began with the advent of the controversy in the 1970s.^[37]

Control of the islands by Japan and the US

As the uninhabited islets were historically used as maritime navigational markers, they were never subjected to administrative control other than the recording of the geographical positions on maps, descriptions in official records of Chinese missions to the Ryukyu Kingdom, etc.^[25]

The Japanese central government annexed the islands in early 1895 while still fighting China in the First Sino-Japanese War.^[28] Around 1900, Japanese entrepreneur {{Nihongo|Koga Tatsushirō|古賀 辰四郎}} constructed a bonito fish processing plant on the islands, employing over 200 workers. The business failed around 1940 and the islands have remained deserted ever since.^[39] In the 1970s, Koga Tatsushirō's son Zenji Koga and Zenji's wife Hanako sold four islets to the Kurihara family of Saitama Prefecture. Kunioki Kurihara^[38] owned Uotsuri, Kita-Kojima, and Minami-Kojima. Kunioki's sister owned Kuba.^[39]

The islands came under US government occupation in 1945 after the surrender of Japan ended World War II.^[40] In 1969, the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE) identified potential oil and gas reserves in the vicinity of the Senkaku Islands.^[41] In 1971, the Okinawa Reversion Treaty passed the U.S. Senate, returning the islands to Japanese control in 1972.^[42] Also in 1972, the Republic of China (Taiwan) government and People's Republic of China government officially began to declare ownership of the islands.^[43]

Since 1972, when the islands reverted to Japanese government control, the mayor of Ishigaki has been given civic authority over the territory. The Japanese central government, however, has prohibited Ishigaki from surveying or developing the islands.^[40][44] In 1979 an official delegation from the Japanese government composed of 50 academics, government officials from the Foreign and Transport ministries, officials from the now-defunct Okinawa Development Agency, and Hiroyuki Kurihara, visited the islands and camped on Uotsuri for about four weeks. The delegation surveyed the local ecosystem, finding moles and sheep, studied the local marine life, and examined whether the islands would support human habitation.^[39]

From 2002 to 2012, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications paid the Kurihara family ¥25 million a year to rent Uotsuri, Minami-Kojima and Kita-Kojima. Japan's Ministry of Defense rents Kuba island for an undisclosed amount. Kuba is used by the U.S. military as a practice aircraft bombing range. Japan's central government completely owns Taisho island.^[39][45]

On December 17, 2010, Ishigaki declared January 14 as "Pioneering Day" to commemorate Japan's 1895 annexation of the Senkaku Islands. China condemned Ishigaki's actions.^[46] In 2012, both the Tokyo Metropolitan and Japanese central governments announced plans to negotiate purchase of Uotsuri, Kita-Kojima, and Minami-Kojima from the Kurihara family.^[39]

On September 11, 2012, the Japanese government nationalized its control over Minami-kojima, Kita-kojima, and Uotsuri islands by purchasing them from the Kurihara family for ¥2.05 billion.^[47] China's Foreign Ministry objected saying Beijing would not "sit back and watch its territorial sovereignty violated."^[48]

In 2014, Japan constructed a lighthouse and wharf featuring Japanese flag insignia on the islets.^[49]

Geography

The island group are known to consist of five uninhabited islets and three barren rocks.^[50] China has identified and named as many as 71 islets that belong to this group after the Japanese Cabinet released names of 39 uninhabited islands.^[51][52]

These minor features in the East China Sea are located approximately 120 nautical miles northeast of Taiwan, 200 nautical miles east of the Chinese mainland and 200 nautical miles southwest of the Japanese island of Okinawa.^[53]

In ascending order of distances, the island cluster is located:

• {{convert|140|km|nmi mi|abbr=on|lk=out}} east of Pengjia Islet, ROC^[54]
• {{convert|170|km|nmi mi|abbr=on}} north of Ishigaki Island, Japan
• {{convert|186|km|nmi mi|abbr=on}} northeast of Keelung, ROC
• {{convert|410|km|nmi mi|abbr=on}} west of Okinawa Island, Japan

The depth of the surrounding waters of the continental shelf is approximately {{convert|100|-|150|m}} except for the Okinawa Trough on the south.^[65]

The existence of the back-arc basin complicates descriptive issues. According to Professor Ji Guoxing of the Asia-Pacific Department at Shanghai Institute for International Studies,

• China's interpretation of the geography is that

...the Okinawa Trough proves that the continental shelves of China and Japan are not connected, that the Trough serves as the boundary between them, and that the Trough should not be ignored ....^[74]

• Japan's interpretation of the geography is that

...the trough is just an incidental depression in a continuous continental margin between the two countries ... [and] the trough should be ignored ....^[66]

Flora and fauna

Permission for collecting herbs on three of the islands was recorded in an Imperial Chinese edict of 1893.^[67]

Uotsuri-shima, the largest island, has a number of endemic species such as the Senkaku mole (Mogera uchidai) and Okinawa-kuro-oo-ari ant. Due to the introduction of domestic goats to the island in 1978, the Senkaku mole is now an endangered species.^[68]

Albatross are observed in the islands.^[69] Amongst all islands, Minami Kojima is one of the few breeding places of the rare short-tailed albatross (Phoebastria albatrus).

Rich marine biodiversity adjacent to the islands has been recognized but poorly studied. Seemingly, varieties of larger fish and animals inhabit or migrate through the area, including tunas, sharks, marlins, critically endangered hawksbill sea turtles, dolphins, pilot whales, sperm whales, and humpback whales.^[70]

Sovereignty dispute

Territorial sovereignty over the islands and the maritime boundaries around them are disputed between the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and Japan.

The People's Republic and Taiwan claim that the islands have been a part of Chinese territory since at least 1534. China acknowledge that Japan took control of the islands in 1894–1895 during the first Sino-Japanese War, through the signature of the Treaty of Shimonoseki. China assert that the Potsdam Declaration required that Japan relinquish control of all islands except for "the islands of Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū, Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine", and China state that this means control of the islands should pass to Taiwan, which was part of China at the time of the first Sino-Japanese War as well as of the San Francisco Peace Treaty. Both the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) respectively separately claim sovereignty based on arguments that include the following points:

• Discovery and early recording in maps and travelogues.^[47]
• The islands being China's frontier off-shore defence against wokou (Japanese pirates) during the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368–1911).
• A Chinese map of Asia, as well as the Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu map compiled by Japanese cartographer Hayashi Shihei^[48] in the 18th century,^[47] showing the islands as a part of China.^[47][49]
• Japan taking control of the islands in 1895 at the same time as the First Sino-Japanese War was happening. Furthermore, correspondence between Foreign Minister Inoue and Interior Minister Yamagata in 1885, warned against the erection of national markers and developing their land to avoid Qing Dynasty suspicions.^{[15][47][49][50]}
• The Potsdam Declaration stating that "Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū, Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine", and "we" referred to the victors of the Second World War who met at Potsdam and Japan's acceptance of the terms of the Declaration when it surrendered.^[49][51][52]
• China's formal protest of the 1971 US transfer of control to Japan.^[53]

Japan does not accept that there is a dispute, asserting that the islands are an integral part of Japan.^[71] Japan has rejected claims that the islands were under China's control prior to 1895, and that these islands were contemplated by the Potsdam Declaration or affected by the San Francisco Peace Treaty.^[72]

The stance given by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs is that the Senkaku Islands are clearly an inherent territory of Japan, in light of historical facts and based upon international law, and the Senkaku Islands are under the valid control of Japan. They also state "there exists no issue of territorial sovereignty to be resolved concerning the Senkaku Islands."^[13][62] The following points are given:

• The islands had been uninhabited and showed no trace of having been under the control of China prior to 1895.^[63]
• The islands were neither part of Taiwan nor part of the Pescadores Islands, which were ceded to Japan by the Qing Dynasty of China in Article II of the May 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki,^[63] thus were not later renounced by Japan under Article II of the San Francisco Peace Treaty.^[64]
• A resident of Okinawa Prefecture who had been engaging in activities such as fishery around the Senkaku Islands since around 1884 made an application for the lease of the islands, and approval was granted by the Meiji Government in 1896. After this approval, he sent a total of 248 workers to those islands and ran the following businesses: constructing piers,^[65] collecting bird feathers, manufacturing dried bonito, collecting coral, raising cattle, manufacturing canned goods and collecting mineral phosphate guano (bird manure for fuel use). The fact that the Meiji Government gave approval concerning the use of the Senkaku Islands to an individual, who in turn was able to openly run these businesses mentioned above based on the approval, demonstrates Japan's valid control over the Islands.^[66]
• Though the islands were controlled by the United States as an occupying power between 1945 and 1972, Japan has since 1972 exercised administration over the islands.
• Japanese allege that Taiwan and China only started claiming ownership of the islands in 1971, following a May 1969 United Nations report that a large oil and gas reserve may exist under the seabed near the islands.^[67][68]

In 2012 the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs created a website in support of its claims;^[73] in late 2014 the National Marine Data and Information Service, a department under the State Oceanic Administration of People's Republic of China created a website of its own to support its claims.^[74][75] In 2016, Chinese fishing, Coast Guard and other vessels were entering the territorial waters around the islands almost daily and in August 2016 the Japanese foreign minister Fumio Kishida reportedly told China's foreign minister Wang Yi "that the activity represented an escalation of tensions" according to Japanese sources. It was the first meeting of the top diplomats since the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruling against China's South China Sea claims^[76][77] and was coincident with a three-party meeting (including South Korea) relative to a North Korean submarine-launched missile in the Sea of Japan.^[78]

In popular culture

• The Truth - A documentary film produced by Chris D. Nebe and J.J. Osbun of Monarex Hollywood Corporation and directed by Chris D. Nebe. Nebe calls on the Japanese Government to cede the islands to China, asserting that Japan has no justifiable claim to the islands, and that the United States of America has turned a blind eye in Japan's favor due to the need of the United States to have a strong ally between it and China. Reception of the film was positive in Chinese media. A 2015 Global Times article reports that Nebe is "regarded by many as a 'Chinese propagandist'," an assertion also made in 2014 on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Correspondents Report.

See also

• People's Republic of China–Japan relations
• Republic of China–Japan relations
• Kuril Islands
• Liancourt Rocks
• Okinotorishima
• Spratly Islands
• Paracel Islands

Footnotes

References

• Belcher, Edward and Arthur Adams. (1848). Narrative of the Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang, During the Years 1843–46: Employed Surveying the Islands of the Eastern Archipelago. London : Reeve, Benham, and Reeve. OCLC 192154
• Charney, Jonathan I., David A. Colson, Robert W. Smith. (2005). International Maritime Boundaries, 5 vols. Hotei Publishing: Leiden. {{ISBN|9780792311874}}; {{ISBN|9789041119544}}; {{ISBN|9789041103451}}; {{ISBN|9789004144613}}; {{ISBN|9789004144798}}; OCLC 23254092
• Findlay, Alexander George. (1889). A Directory for the Navigation of the Indian Archipelago and the Coast of China. London: R. H. Laurie. OCLC 55548028
• Hagström, Linus. (2005). Japan's China Policy: A Relational Power Analysis. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-34679-5}}; OCLC 475020946
• Inoue, Kiyoshi. (1972) Senkaku Letto /Diaoyu Islands The Historical Treatise. Kyoto: Daisan Publisher (出版社: 第三書館) (1996/10)[https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/4807496123 「尖閣」列島―釣魚諸島の史的解明 [単行本]]. {{ISBN|978-4-8074-9612-9}}; also hosted in here   for online reading (set to Shift-JIS character code), with English synopsis here. Chinese translation by Ying Hui, Published by Commercial Press Hong Kong (1973) 釣魚列島的歷史和主權問題 / 井上清著 ; 英慧譯, {{ISBN|9622574734}}.
• Jarrad, Frederick W. (1873). The China Sea Directory, Vol. IV. Comprising the Coasts of Korea, Russian Tartary, the Japan Islands, Gulfs of Tartary and Amúr, and the Sea of Okhotsk. London: Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. OCLC 557221949
• {{citation |last=Lai |first=Yew Meng |year=2013|title=Nationalism and Power Politics in Japan's Relations with China: A Neoclassical Realist Interpretation |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2QmCAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA208 208] |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-22977-0}}
• Lee, Seokwoo, Shelagh Furness and Clive Schofield. (2002). Territorial disputes among Japan, China and Taiwan concerning the Senkaku Islands. Durham: University of Durham, International Boundaries Research Unit (IBRU). {{ISBN|978-1-897643-50-1}}; OCLC 249501645
• Suganuma, Unryu. (2000). Sovereign Rights and Territorial Space in Sino-Japanese Relations. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8248-2159-3}}; OCLC 170955369
• Valencia, Mark J. (2001). Maritime Regime Building: Lessons Learned and Their Relevance for Northeast Asia. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. {{ISBN|9789041115805}}; OCLC 174100966

Further reading

• Donaldson, John and Alison Williams. "Understanding Maritime Jurisdictional Disputes: The East China Sea and Beyond," Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 59, No. 1.
• Dzurek, Daniel. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100222122739/http://www-ibru.dur.ac.uk/resources/docs/senkaku.html "The Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands Dispute,"] International Boundaries Research Unit (IBRU). October 18, 1996.
• Helflin, William B. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100928092444/http://www.hawaii.edu/aplpj/articles/APLPJ_01.2_heflin.pdf "Daiyou/Senkaku Islands Dispute: Japan and China, Oceans Apart,"] 1 Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal 1–22 (2000).
• Peterson, Alexander M. "Sino-Japanese Cooperation in the East China Sea: A Lasting Arrangement?" 42 Cornell International Law Journal 441–474 (2009).
• Ramos-Mrosovsky, Carlos. "International Law's Unhelpful Role in the Senkaku Islands,", 29 University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 903-946 (2008).

External links

• Google maps, [https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Senkaku+Islands&ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=25.732024,123.500919&spn=0.103453,0.134239&z=13 Senkaku Islands]
• [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11341139 "Q&A China Japan island row,"] BBC News Asia-Pacific. September 24, 2010.
• globalsecurity.org — "Senkaku/Diaoyutai Islands"; References, Links
• Inventory of Conflict and Environment (ICE), [https://web.archive.org/web/20101118014205/http://www1.american.edu/TED/ice/DIAOYU.HTM Diaoyu Islands Dispute]
• Waseda University — Hayashi Shihei. (1785). 三国通覧図説 (Sangoku Tsuran Zusetsu)

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