1. Geography
    Location  Lhasa River basin 

2. Geology

3. Climate

4. Environment

5. Administrative divisions
    Chengguan District  Doilungdêqên District  Dagzê District  Damxung County  Lhünzhub County  Maizhokunggar County  Nyêmo County  Qüxü County 

6. Demographics
    Ethnicity  Administrative divisions 

7. Infrastructure
    Highways  Railway  Power  Other facilities 

8. Temples and monasteries
    Early foundations  Middle period  Gelug foundations  Revolution and reconstruction 

9. Notes

10. References
      Citations    Sources  

11. External links

Lhasa{{efn|The term Lasa city ({{lang|zh-hans|拉萨市}}) literally means "Lhasa City" or "Lhasa Municipality". It is at the same level as a prefecture for administrative purposes. It contains the Chengguan District, Doilungdêqên District, Dagzê District, and other rural areas.{{sfn|Barnett|1996|p=82}} }} is a prefecture-level city, formerly a prefecture until 7 January 1960, one of the main administrative divisions of the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. It covers an area of {{convert|29274|km2}} of rugged and sparsely populated terrain.

The consolidated prefecture-level city is divided into five mostly rural counties and three partially urban districts Chengguan District, Doilungdêqên District, and Dagzê District, which contain the main urban area of Lhasa.

The prefecture-level city roughly corresponds to the basin of the Lhasa River, a major tributary of the Yarlung Tsangpo River. It lies on the Lhasa terrane, the last unit of crust to accrete to the Eurasian plate before the continent of India collided with Asia about 50 million years ago and pushed up the Himalayas. The terrane is high, contains a complex pattern of faults and is tectonically active. The temperature is generally warm in summer and rises above freezing on sunny days in winter. Most of the rain falls in summer. The upland areas and northern grasslands are used for grazing yaks, sheep and goats, while the river valleys support agriculture with crops such as barley, wheat and vegetables. Wildlife is not abundant, but includes the rare snow leopard and black-necked crane. Mining has caused some environmental problems.

The 2000 census gave a total population of 474,490, of whom 387,124 were ethnic Tibetans. The Han Chinese population at the time was mainly concentrated in urban areas. The prefecture-level city is traversed by two major highways and by the Qinghai–Tibet Railway, which terminates in the city of Lhasa. Two large dams on the Lhasa River deliver hydroelectric power, as do many smaller dams and the Yangbajain Geothermal Station. The population is well-served by primary schools and basic medical facilities, although more advanced facilities are lacking. Tibetan Buddhism and monastic life have been dominant aspects of the local culture since the 7th century. Most of the monasteries were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution, but since then many have been restored and serve as tourist attractions.

Geography

Location

Lhasa lies in south-central Tibet, to the north of the Himalayas.

The prefecture-level city is {{convert|277|km}} from east to west and {{convert|202|km}} from north to south. It covers an area of {{convert|29518|km2}}.{{sfn|Lhasa, Baidu Baike}}

It is bordered by Nagqu City to the north, Nyingchi City to the east, Shannan/Lhoka City to the south and Xigazê City to the west.{{sfn|Tibet Maps, ChinaTourGuide}}

The prefecture-level city roughly corresponds to the basin of the Lhasa River, which is the center of Tibet politically, economically and culturally.{{sfn|Shen|1995|p=151}} Chengguan District is also the center of Tibet in terms of transport, communications, education and religion, as well as being the most developed part of Tibet and a major tourist destination with sights such as the Potala Palace, Jokhang and Ramoche Temple.{{sfn|Chengguan District of Lhasa, Baidu Baike}}

Lhasa River basin

Lhasa prefecture-level city roughly corresponds to the basin of the Lhasa River, a major tributary of the Yarlung Tsangpo River. Exceptions are the north of Damxung County, which crosses the watershed of the Nyenchen Tanglha Mountains and includes part of the Namtso lake,{{sfn|Damxung, Baidu Baike}}{{efn|Namtso lake is the second-largest salt lake in China. It has vivid turquoise-blue waters and is set in spectacular scenery. The Tashi Dor Monastery is at an elevation of {{convert|4718|m}} in the southeastern corner of the lake.{{sfn|Chow|Eimer|Heller|Huhti|2009|p=928}} }} and Nyêmo County, which covers the basin of the Nimu Maqu River, a direct tributary of the Yarlung Tsangpo.{{sfn|Nyêmo County, Baidu Baike}}

The river basin is separated from the Yarlung Tsangpo valley to the south by the Goikarla Rigyu range.{{sfn|Tibet, chinamaps.org}}

The largest tributary of the Lhasa River, the Reting Tsangpo, originates in the Chenthangula Mountains in Nagqu Prefecture at an elevation of about {{convert|5500|m}}, and flows southwest into Lhasa past Reting Monastery.{{sfn|Winn|2015}}

The Lhasa River drains an area of {{convert|32471|km2}}, and is the largest tributary of the middle section of the Yarlung Tsangpo.

The average altitude of the basin is around {{convert|4500|m}}.

The basin has complex geology and is tectonically active. Earthquakes are common.{{sfn|Shen|1995|p=151}}

Annual runoff is {{convert|10550000000|m3}}.

Water quality is good, with little discharge of sewage and minimal chemical pesticides and fertilizers.{{sfn|Shen|1995|p=152}}

The Lhasa River forms where three smaller rivers converge.

These are the Phak Chu, the Phongdolha Chu which flows from Damxung County and the Reting Tsangpo, which rises beyond the Reting Monastery.{{sfn|McCue|2010|p=125}}

The highest tributary rises at around {{convert|5290|m}} on the southern slope of the Nyenchen Tanglha Mountains.{{sfn|Ortlam|1991|pp=385–399}}

In its upper reaches the river flows southeast through a deep valley.{{sfn|Джичу, Географическая энциклопедия}}

Lower down the river valley is flatter and changes its direction to the southwest, The river expands to a width of {{convert|150|to|200|m}}.{{sfn|Джичу, Географическая энциклопедия}}

Major tributaries in the lower reaches include the Pengbo River and the Duilong River.{{sfn|Shen|1995|p=153}}

At its mouth the Lhasa Valley is about {{convert|3|mi}} wide.{{sfn|Waddell|1905|p=317}}

The bulk of the water is supplied by the summer monsoon rains, which fall from July to September.

There are floods in the summer from July to September, with about 17% of the annual runoff flowing in September.

In winter the river has low water, and sometimes freezes.

Total flow is about {{convert|4|km3}}, with average flow about {{convert|125|m3/s}}.{{sfn|Джичу, Географическая энциклопедия}}

The total hydropower potential of the river basin is 2,560,000 kW.{{sfn|Shen|1995|p=152}}

Zhikong Hydro Power Station in Maizhokunggar County delivers 100 MW.{{sfn|Zheng|2007}}

The Pangduo Hydro Power Station in Lhünzhub County has total installed capacity of 160 MW.{{sfn|Guan|2013}}

Geology

The former Lhasa prefecture lies in the Lhasa terrane, to which it gives its name. This is thought to be the last crustal block to accrete to the Eurasian plate before the collision with the Indian plate in the Cenozoic.{{sfn|Zhang|Dong|Santosh|Zhao|2014|p=170–171}}

The terrane is separated from the Himalayas to the south by the Yarlung-Tsangpo suture, and from the Qiangtang terrane to the north by the Bangong-Nujiang suture.{{sfn|Ozacar|2015}}

The Lhasa terrane consisted of two blocks before the Mesozoic, the North Lhasa Block and the South Lhasa Block.{{sfn|Wan|2010|p=139}}

These blocks were joined in the Late Paleozoic.{{sfn|Zhang|Dong|Santosh|Zhao|2014|p=170–171}}

The Lhasa terrane moved northward and collided with the Qiangtang terrane along the Bangong suture.{{sfn|Wan|2010|p=210}}{{sfn|Metcalfe|1994|pp=97–111}}

The collision began towards the end of the late Jurassic ({{circa|163–145}} Ma{{efn|Ma – Million years ago}}), and collision activity continued until the early Late Cretaceous ({{circa|100–66}} Ma).

During this period the terrane may have been shortened by at least {{convert|180|km}}.{{sfn|Ozacar|2015}}

The collision caused a peripheral foreland basin to form in the north part of the Lhasa terrane.

In some parts of the foreland basin the north-dipping subduction of the Neotethyan oceanic crust below the Lhasa terrane caused volcanism.

The Gangdese batholith was formed as this subduction continued along the southern margin of the Lhasa terrane.{{sfn|Leier|Kapp|Gehrels|DeCelles|2007|p=363}}

The Gangdese intrudes the southern half of the Lhasa terrain.{{sfn|Alsdorf|BrownNelson|Makovsky|1998|p=502}}

Contact with India began along the Yarlung-Zangbo suture around 50 Ma during the Eocene, and the two continents continue to converge.

Magmatism continued in the Gangdese arc until as late as 40 Ma.{{sfn|Alsdorf|BrownNelson|Makovsky|1998|p=502}}

There was significant crustal shortening as the collision progressed.{{sfn|Liebke|Appel|Ding|Neumann|2010|p=1199}}

The South Lhasa terrane experienced metamorphism and magmatism in the Early Cenozoic (55–45 Ma) and metamorphism in the Late Eocene (40–30 Ma), presumably due to the collision between the continents of India and Eurasia.{{sfn|Zhang|Dong|Santosh|Zhao|2014|p=170–171}}

Rocks in this region include sedimentary rocks from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic into which granite has intruded during the Cretaceous.

The rocks have metamorphosed and are deeply eroded and faulted.{{sfn|Winn|2015}}

The rocks exposed in the Reting Tsangpo canyon range in age from 400 Ma to 50 Ma.

The result of faulting has been to often juxtapose relatively recent rocks with much older rocks.

Some parts of the ocean floor were pushed up onto the Tibetan Plateau and formed marble or slate.

Sea fossils from 400 Ma are found in the river's canyons, and houses are roofed with slate.{{sfn|Winn|2015}}

The Yangbajing Basin lies between the Nyainquentanglha Range to the northwest and the Yarlu-Zangbo suture to the south.{{sfn|Dor|Zhao|2000|p=1084}}

The Yangbajain Geothermal Field is in the central part of a half-graben fault-depression basin caused by the foremontane fault zone of the Nyainqentanglha Mountains.{{sfn|Shen|1996|p=50}}

The SE-dipping detachment fault began to form about 8 Ma.{{sfn|Harrison|2006|p=214}}

The geothermal reservoir is basically a Quaternary basin underlaid by a large granite batholith.

The basin has been filled with glacial deposits from the north and alluvial-pluvial sediments from the south.

Fluid flows horizontally into the reservoir through the faults around the basin.{{sfn|Shen|1996|p=50}}

Chemical analysis of the thermal fluid indicate that there is shallow-seated magmatic activity not far below the geothermal field.{{sfn|Shen|1996|p=17}}

During the ice ages of the last two million years the Tibetan plateau and the Himalayas have been covered by the expanded polar ice cap several times. As the ice moved it eroded the rock, filling the river canyons with gravel. In some sections the rivers have cut through the gravel and flow swiftly over bedrock, and in some areas large boulders have fallen into the rivers and formed rapids.{{sfn|Winn|2015}}

Climate

The Lhasa valley is roughly the same latitude as the southern United States, but at an altitude of {{convert|3610|m}} or more it is of course cooler.{{sfn|McCue|2010|p=126}}

The central river valleys of Tibet are warm in summer, and even in the coldest months of winter the temperature is above freezing on sunny days.{{sfn|Kapstein|2013|p=7}}

The climate is semi-arid monsoon, with a low average temperature of {{convert|1.2|to|7.5|°C}}.

Average annual precipitation is {{convert|466.3|mm}}, with 85% falling in the June–September period.{{sfn|Shen|1995|p=151}}

Typically there are 3,000 hours of sunshine each year.{{sfn|Lhasa, Baidu Baike}}

It is cooler in the northern regions, warmer in the south. Annual figures:

Studies of temperature and precipitation data from 1979 to 2005 indicate that higher temperatures are leading to longer snow-free periods at the lower elevations.

However, at higher levels the amount of precipitation has increased, so despite warming the snow-free period is shorter.{{sfn|J. Gao|2013|p=594}}

Environment

Most of the population of Tibet lives in the southern valleys, including those around Lhasa.{{sfn|Powers|2007|p=138}}

The higher regions are used by nomadic drokpa who tend herds of yaks, sheep and goats on the steppe grasslands of the hills and high valleys.{{sfn|Powers|2007|p=138}}{{sfn|McCue|2010|p=126}}

In the lower parts it is possible to cultivate products that include barley, wheat, black peas, beans, mustard, hemp, potatoes, cabbage, cauliflower, onions, garlic, celery and tomatoes. The traditional staple food is barley flour called tsampa, often combined with buttered tea and made into a paste.{{sfn|Powers|2007|p=138}}

A visitor described the valley around Lhasa in 1889 as follows,

The Lhasa region does not have abundant wildlife or great numbers of species, but the Lhasa valley does support wintering populations of hundreds of black-necked cranes.{{sfn|Bisht|2008|p=73}}

Hutoushan Reservoir lies in Qangka Township, Lhünzhub County.

The reservoir is bordered by large swamps and wet meadows, and has abundant plants and shellfish.{{sfn|Lhasa, Tibet Linzhou Hutoushan reservoir is a paradise...}}

The reservoir, which lies in the Pengbo valley, is the largest in Tibet, with total storage of {{convert|12000000|m3}}.{{sfn|Shen|1995|p=153}}

Endangered black-necked cranes migrate to the middle and southern part of Tibet every winter, and may be seen on the reservoir and elsewhere in the Lhasa region.{{sfn|Lin|2013}}

Other wildlife includes bharal, pheasants, roe deer, Thorold's deer, Mongolian gazelle, Siberian ibex, otter, brown bear, snow leopard and duck.{{sfn|Lhasa Duilongdeqing County Profile}}{{sfn|Lhasa Qushui Introduction, Lhasa Tourism}}{{sfn|Linzhou County Profile, LSIIB}}{{sfn|Nyêmo County Overview, Lhasa Municipality}}

Medicinal plants include fritillaries (fritillaria), stonecrop (rhodiola), Indian barberry (berberis aristata), Chinese caterpillar fungus (ophiocordyceps sinensis), codonopsis and Lingzhi mushroom (ganoderma).{{sfn|Lhasa Duilongdeqing County Profile}}{{sfn|Lhasa Qushui Introduction, Lhasa Tourism}}{{sfn|Linzhou County Profile, LSIIB}}{{sfn|Nyêmo County Overview, Lhasa Municipality}}

The dams on the Lhasa river built as part of the Three Rivers Development Project are unlikely to affect the flow of the Brahmaputra in India.{{sfn|Chellaney|2013|p=158}}

However, the climate and soil are unsuitable for large-scale irrigation.

Where grasslands have been converted into irrigated farms fed by dams the result may damage the environment.{{sfn|Chellaney|2013|p=160}}

Jama wetland in Maizhokunggar County is vulnerable to grazing and climate change.{{sfn|Bai|Shang|Zhang|2012|p=1761}}

Extensive mining in some mountainous regions have turned areas of what was green pasturage into a grey wasteland.

The authorities are reported to have suppressed protests by the local people.{{sfn|Tibetans rebuked for protesting ... 2012}}

Military personnel have been involved in efforts to protect and improve the environment, including replanting programs.{{sfn|Guo|2014}}

A 2015 study reported that during the non-monsoon season the levels of arsenic in the Duilong River, at 205.6 μg/L were higher than the WHO guideline of 10 μg/L for drinking water.{{sfn|Li|Kang|Chen|Zhang|2013|p=4143}}

The source of the pollution seems to be untreated water from the Yangbajain Geothermal Field power station.

It can be detected {{convert|90|km}} downstream from this site.{{sfn|Zhang|Huang|1997}}

Administrative divisions

Lhasa prefecture-level city consists of three districts and five counties.

Chengguan District, Doilungdêqên District, and Dagzê District contains most of the urban area of Lhasa, which lies in the Lhasa River valley floor.

Chengguan District

Chengguan District is located on the middle reaches of the Lhasa River, with land that rises to the north and south of the river.

It is {{convert|28|km}} from east to west and {{convert|31|km}} from north to south.

Chengguan District is bordered by Doilungdêqên District to the west, Dagzê District to the east and Lhünzhub County to the north.

Gonggar County of Lhoka (Shannan) City lies to the south.{{sfn|Chengguan District of Lhasa, Baidu Baike}}

Chengguan District has an elevation of {{convert|3650|m}} and covers {{convert|525|km2}}.

The urban built-up area covers {{convert|60|km2}}. The average annual temperature is {{convert|8|°C}}.

Annual precipitation is about {{convert|500|mm}}, mostly falling between July and September.{{sfn|Chengguan District of Lhasa, Baidu Baike}}

Before the PRC takeover the city of Lhasa had a population of 25,000–30,000, or 45,000–50,000 if the large monasteries around the city are included.{{sfn|Powers|2007|p=139}}

The old city formed a quadrangle about {{convert|3|km2}} around the Jokhang temple, about {{convert|1|km}} to the east of the Potala Palace.{{sfn|Pommaret|2003|p=212}}

During the period before the reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping the old city of Lhasa was left largely intact, while bleakly functional compounds containing symmetrical dormitory-type buildings for both living and working were built apart from the city along the main roads.{{sfn|Pommaret|2003|p=213}}

By 1990 the city had expanded to cover {{convert|40|km2}}, with an official population of 160,000.{{sfn|Pommaret|2003|p=217}}

The 2000 official census gave a total population of 223,001, of which 171,719 lived in the areas administered by sub-districts and residential committees.

133,603 had urban registrations and 86,395 had rural registrations, based on their place of origin.{{sfn|Yeh|Henderson|2008|pp=21–25}}

By 2013 the urban area filled most of the natural Lhasa River valley in Chengguan District.{{sfn|Alexander|2013|p=368}}

A 2011 book estimated that up to two-thirds of the city's residents are non-Tibetan, although the government states that Chengguan District as a whole is still 63% ethnic Tibetan.{{sfn|Johnson|2011|p=81}}

Doilungdêqên District

Doilungdêqên District contains the western urban areas of Lhasa, developed in recent years with the new Lhasa Railway Station, which begin about {{convert|12|km}} from the city center.

It covers an area of 2,704 square kilometers, with 94,969 acres of farmland.{{sfn|Lhasa Duilongdeqing County Profile}}

The district borders on the north Tibet grasslands in the northwest. The valley of the Duilong River leads south to the Lhasa River. The Duilong is {{convert|95|km}} in length.

In the south the district occupies part of the south bank of the Lhasa River.{{sfn|Ge Le|Li Tao|1996|p=35}}

The district has an average elevation of {{convert|4000|m}}, with a highest elevation of {{convert|5500|m}} and a lowest point at {{convert|3640|m}}.{{sfn|Lhasa Duilongdeqing County Profile}}

There are about 120 frost-free days annually.{{sfn|Lhasa Duilongdeqing County Profile}}

Annual mean temperature is {{convert|7|°C}}, with temperatures in January falling below {{convert|-10|°C}}

Annual precipitation is about {{convert|440|mm}}, with autumn rainfall of {{convert|310|mm}}.

The district is agriculturally rich and was used by the Tibetan kings as a source of food for Lhasa.{{sfn|Ge Le|Li Tao|1996|p=35}}

The seat of government is in the town of Donggar.{{sfn|Lhasa Duilongdeqing County Profile}}

This is just {{convert|14|km}} from downtown Lhasa.{{sfn|Ge Le|Li Tao|1996|p=35}}

In 1992 there were 33,581 people in 6,500 households, with 94.28% of the people engaged in farming.

About 90% of the people were ethnic Tibetan, with most people of other ethnicity living in Donggar.{{sfn|Ge Le|Li Tao|1996|p=35}}

The main mineral resources are coal, iron, clay, lead and zinc.{{sfn|Lhasa Duilongdeqing County Profile}}

Tsurphu Monastery, built in 1189, is treated as a regional cultural relic reserve.{{sfn|Lin|2014}}

The Nechung Monastery, former home of the Nechung Oracle, is located in Naiquong township.{{sfn|Foster|Lee|Lin-Liu|Reiber|2012|p=787}}

Nechung was built by the 5th Dalai Lama (1617–82).{{sfn|LaRocca|2006|p=28}}

Dagzê District

Dagzê District has a total area of {{convert|1373|km2}} and it contains the eastern urban areas of Lhasa. It has an average elevation of {{convert|4100|m}} above sea level, and descends from higher ground in the north and south to {{convert|3730|m}} in the lowest part of the Lhasa River valley.{{sfn|Dazi Overview, Dazi county}}

The average temperature is {{convert|7.5|°C}}, with about 130 days free of frost.

Average rainfall is {{convert|450|mm}}.{{sfn|Basic Dazi|, DIIB}}

About 80%–90% of precipitation falls in the summer.{{sfn|Dazi, Baidu Baike}}

As of 2013 the total population was 29,152.{{sfn|Dazi Overview, Dazi county}}

The main occupation is agriculture. As of 2012 per capita income of farmers and herdsmen was 6,740 yuan.{{sfn|Dazi Overview, Dazi county}}

In 2010 there were 28 schools in the district, including one junior high school and one kindergarten, with 276 full-time teachers.

There is a district hospital and five township hospitals.

The Sichuan-Tibet Highway (China National Highway 318) runs through the district.{{sfn|Basic Dazi|, DIIB}}

The main monasteries in Dagzê are Ganden Monastery and Yerpa.{{sfn|Dazi, Baidu Baike}}

Damxung County

Damxung County has an area of {{convert|10036|km2}}, with rugged topography.{{sfn|Damxung Land Resources}}

As of 2013 the population was 40,000, up from 35,000 in 1997.{{sfn|Damxung, Baidu Baike}}

It is tectonically active. On 6 October 2008 an earthquake measuring 6.6 on the Richter magnitude scale was reported.{{sfn|Mei|2008}}

In November 2010 a moderate quake in Damxung at 5.2 on the Richter scale shook office windows in Lhasa.

There were no casualties, but houses were damaged.{{sfn|Moderate quake jolts Tibet, Hindustan Times}}

In the extreme northeast of the county, Namtso lake has an area of {{convert|1920|km2}}, of which 45% lies in Damxung county.

Namtso is one of the great lakes of the Tibetan plateau.

The Nyenchen Tanglha (or Nyainqentanglha) mountains extend along the northwest of the county.

Mount Nyenchen Tanglha is the highest peak in the region, at {{convert|7111|m}}.

The Nyainqêntanglha mountains define the watershed between northern and southern Tibet.{{sfn|Damxung, Baidu Baike}}

A valley with elevation of about {{convert|4200|m}} runs parallel to the mountains to their southeast, sloping from northwest to southeast.

30% of the county's total area is in the prairie of this valley.{{sfn|Mei|2008}}

Damxung is cold and dry in the winter, cool and wet in summer, with very variable weather. The average annual temperature is {{convert|1.3|°C}}, with only 62 frost-free days.

The land is frozen from the start of November to the following March. Pasture has 90–120 days for growth.

Average annual precipitation is {{convert|481|mm}}.{{sfn|Mei|2008}}

Natural grasslands cover {{convert|693,171|ha}}, of which 68% is considered excellent.{{sfn|Damxung Land Resources}}

Almost all the people are engaged in rearing livestock, including yaks, sheep, goats and horses.{{sfn|Mei|2008}}

The Qinghai-Tibet Highway (China National Highway 109) runs from east to west across the county.

Damxung Railway Station links the county to the city of Lhasa to the south.{{sfn|Damxung, Baidu Baike}}

There is a large geothermal field at Yangbajain harnessed by generating units that deliver 25,181 kilowatts to the city of Lhasa to the south.{{sfn|Damxung Mineral Resources}}

The transmission line follows the Duilong River south through Doilungdêqên District.{{sfn|Zhang|Tong|1982|p=320}}

Kangma Monastery is {{convert|16|km}} from the county seat. The meditation room has 1,213 carved stone reliefs of Buddha that are about three hundred years old.{{sfn|Lobsang|Zhang|2003}}

Yangpachen Monastery in Yangbajain is historically the seat of the Shamarpas of Karma Kagyu.{{sfn|Dowman|1988|pp=129–130}}

The monastery was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution, but later was rebuilt.{{sfn|Yangpachen Monastery, Meiya Travel}}

Lhünzhub County

Lhünzhub County is located around {{convert|65|km|abbr=on}} northeast of metropolitan Lhasa.

It includes the Pengbo River Valley and the upper reaches of the Lhasa River.

It covers an area of {{convert|4512|km2|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Linzhou County Profile, LSIIB}}

The county is geologically complex, with an average elevation of {{convert|4000|m}}.{{sfn|Linzhou County Profile, LSIIB}}

The administrative center is the town of Lhünzhub.{{sfn|Linzhou, Baidu}}

As of 2000 the county had a total population of 50,895, of which 8,111 lived in a community designated as urban. 2,254 had non-agricultural registration and 48,362 had agricultural registration.{{sfn|Yeh|Henderson|2008|pp=21–25}}

In the south the Pengbo valley has an average elevation of {{convert|3680|m}} with a mild climate. The average temperature is {{convert|5.8|°C}}.{{sfn|Linzhou County Profile, LSIIB}}

The northern "three rivers" section, crossed by the Lhasa River and its tributary the Razheng River, is mountainous and has an average elevation of {{convert|4200|m}}.

It has average annual temperature of {{convert|2.9|°C}} and is mostly pastoral, with yak, sheep and goats.{{sfn|Linzhou County Profile, LSIIB}}

The Pengbo valley is the main grain-producing region of Lhasa prefecture-level city and Tibet, with a total of {{convert|11931|ha}} of arable land.{{sfn|Linzhou, TibetOL}}

Crops include barley, winter wheat, spring wheat, canola and vegetables such as potato.{{sfn|Linzhou Industry News, LSIIB}}

Livestock includes yak, sheep, goats and horses.{{sfn|Linzhou County Profile, LSIIB}}

In 2010 the per capita income of farmers and herdsmen was 4,587 yuan.{{efn|A per capita income of 4,587 yuan converts to US$688 at an exchange rate of 0.15 dollars per yuan.{{sfn|XE Currency Table: CNY – Chinese Yuan Renminbi}} }}

The Pengbo valley has a long history of pottery-making. Products include braziers, flower pots, vases and jugs.{{sfn|Linzhou, TibetOL}}

Mining is an important source of income.

In 2011 the government has plans to more actively promote tourism.{{sfn|Government Work Report 2011}}

The Pangduo Hydro Power Station became operational in 2014.{{sfn|Guan|2013}}

It has been called the "Tibetan Three Gorges".{{sfn|Qin|2013}}

The county is a center of Tibetan Buddhism.

There were thirty-seven gompas including twenty-five lamaseries with 919 monks and twelve nunneries with 844 nuns as of 2011.{{sfn|Linzhou, TibetOL}}

Reting Monastery was built in 1056 by Dromtön (1005–1064), a student of Atiśa.

It was the earliest monastery of the Gedain sect, and the patriarchal seat of that sect.{{sfn|Ling|2005|p=73}}

Maizhokunggar County

Maizhokunggar County is located on the middle and upper sections of the Lhasa River and the west of Mila Mountain.{{sfn|Sanpower Group donated RMB300,000 to Mozhugongka}}

Mila (or Mira) Mountain, at {{convert|5018|m}}, forms the watershed between the Lhasa River and the Nyang River.{{sfn|Niyang River, Tibet Vista}}{{sfn|Mozhugongka County, Mozhugongka}}

The Gyama Zhungchu, which runs through Gyama Township, is a tributary of the Lhasa River.{{sfn|Brown|2013}}

Maizhokunggar County is about {{convert|68|km}} east of Lhasa, has an area of {{convert|5492|km2}} with an average elevation of more than {{convert|4000|m}}.{{sfn|Mozhugongka County Overview, Lhasa Municipal}}

The annual average temperature is {{convert|5.1|to|9.1|°C}}.

There are about 90 frost-free days each year. Annual rainfall is {{convert|515.9|mm}}.{{sfn|Mozhugongka County, TibetOL}}

China National Highway 318 runs through the county from east to west.{{sfn|Mozhugongka County Overview, Lhasa Municipal}}

The 100 MW Zhikong Hydro Power Station on the Lhasa River came into operation in September 2007.{{sfn|Zheng|2007}}

The total population as of 2010 was 48,561 people in 9,719 households, the great majority engaged in farming and herding.{{sfn|Mozhugongka County Overview, Lhasa Municipal}}

98% of the population are ethnic Tibetan.{{sfn|Mozhugongka County, China Intercontinental}}

The seat of government is in Kunggar in the west of the county.{{sfn|Mozhugongka County, TibetOL}}

Many of the people depend on farming or herding. Development efforts include increased farm animal husbandry, feedstock production, greenhouses for vegetables, and breeding programs.{{sfn|Mozhugongka county economic and social development}}

Crops include barley, winter wheat, spring wheat, canola, peas, cabbage, carrots, eggplant, cucumbers, lettuce, spinach, green peppers, pumpkins, potatoes and other greenhouse crops.{{sfn|Mozhugongka County, China Intercontinental}}

The economy is driven by mineral extraction, which was expected to account for 73.85% of total tax revenue in 2007 while employing 419 people.{{sfn|Mozhugongka county economic and social development}}

Traditional folk handicrafts include pottery, willow basketwork, wooden objects, mats and gold and silver items.{{sfn|Mozhugongka County, China Intercontinental}}

The county is especially noted for its pottery, which does not corrode, retains heat and has an ethnic style. It has a more-than-1000-year-old history.{{sfn|Ceramic skill, treasure of herdsmen}}

The Drikhung Thil Monastery of the Kagyu Sect was founded in 1179 by Lingchen Repa, a disciple of Phagmo Drupa.

The monastery is the home of the Drikhung Kagyu School of the Kagyu sect.{{sfn|Ling|2005|p=75}}

The ruined Gyama Palace, in the Gyama Gully in the south of the county, was built by Namri Songtsen in the 6th century after he had gained control of the area from Supi.{{sfn|An|2003|p=66}}

Nyêmo County

Nyêmo County is located in the middle section of the Brahmaputra, {{convert|140|km}} from Lhasa.

It is mainly agricultural and pastoral, with an area of {{convert|3276|km2}} and an average elevation of {{convert|4000|m}}.{{sfn|Nyêmo County Overview, Lhasa Municipality}}

The Nimu Maqu River flows through the county from north to south.

The Yarlung Tsangpo River forms its southern boundary.{{sfn|Nyêmo County, Baidu Baike}}

The highest point is a peak at {{convert|7048.8|m}} above sea level, and the lowest point is where the Maqu River empties into the Brahmaputra at an elevation of {{convert|3701|m}}.{{sfn|Nyêmo County, haotui}}

The county has a temperate semi-arid plateau monsoon climate, with about 100 frost-free days.

Annual rainfall is {{convert|324.2|mm}}.{{sfn|Nyêmo County Overview, Lhasa Municipality}}

Nyêmo County has its headquarters in Nyêmo Town.{{sfn|Nyêmo County Overview, Lhasa Municipality}}

The county seat is {{convert|3809|m}} above sea level.{{sfn|Nyêmo County Overview, Lhasa Municipality}}

As of 2011 the total population was 30,844 people, of whom 28,474 were engaged in agriculture or herding.{{sfn|Nyêmo County Overview, Lhasa Municipality}}

By 2012 the per capita income of farmers and herdsmen had reached 6,881 yuan.{{sfn|Nyêmo County 2012 Summary...}}

In the 7th century Nyêmo was producing printing materials, clay-based incense and wooden-sole shoes.{{sfn|Shakabpa|2009|p=78}}

Nyêmo's long tradition of making paper and printing texts using woodblocks dates back to this period.

Nyêmo County has China's first museum of Tibetan text.{{sfn|Inside Nimu, China Tibet Online}}

There are 22 temples. As of 2011 there were 118 monks and 99 nuns.{{sfn|Nyêmo County Overview, Lhasa Municipality}}

The Nyêmo Chekar monastery is known for its 16th century murals depicting reincarnations of the Samding Dorje Phagmo.{{sfn|Diemberger|2014|p=27}}

Qüxü County

Qüxü County has a total area of {{convert|1680|km2}}, with an average elevation of {{convert|3650|m}}.{{sfn|Booming Lhasa Qushui, CCTV}}

The county is in the Yarlung Tsangpo valley, and is mostly relatively flat, but rises to the Nyainqêntanglha Mountains in the north.

The Lhasa River runs south through the eastern part of the county to its confluence with the Yarlung Tsangpo River, which forms the southern boundary of the county.

The lowest elevation is {{convert|3500|m}}, and the highest summit elevation is {{convert|5894|m}}.{{sfn|Lhasa Qushui Introduction, CGN}}

Qüxü County has about 150 days a year without frost.

Annual precipitation is {{convert|441.9|mm|in|sp=us}}.{{sfn|Lhasa Qushui Introduction, CGN}}

Qüxü County has its headquarters in Qüxü Town.{{sfn|Lhasa Qushui Introduction, CGN}}

The fifth census in 2000 recorded a population of 29,690.{{sfn|Lhasa Qushui Introduction, CGN}}

The county seat has been growing fast, and had 5,000 people by 2002.{{sfn|Booming Lhasa Qushui, CCTV}}

China National Highway 318 runs through Qüxü County from Lhasa towards the west. Bridges span the Lhasa River and the Yarlung Tsangpo River.{{sfn|Lhasa Qushui Introduction, Lhasa Tourism}}

Qüxü County is semi-agricultural and crops grown are mainly highland barley, winter wheat, spring wheat, peas and rapeseed.

Apples and walnuts are also produced.

Animal husbandry is also strong, with the main animals farmed including yak, cattle, goats, sheep, horses, donkeys, pigs, and chickens.{{sfn|Lhasa Qushui Introduction, Lhasa Tourism}}

As of 2002 the per capita net income of farmers and herdsmen was 1,960 yuan.{{sfn|Booming Lhasa Qushui, CCTV}}

The Nyethang Drolma Lhakhang Temple is located in Qüxü County, said to have been founded in 1055 by Dromtön, a pupil of Atiśa.{{sfn|Qushui & Duilongdeqing County}}

Demographics

The demographics of Lhasa prefecture-level city are difficult to define precisely due to the way in which administrative boundaries have been drawn, and the way in which statistics are collected.

The population of Lhasa prefectural-level city is about 500,000, of whom about 80% are ethnic Tibetan and most of the others are ethnic Han Chinese. Approximately 250,000 people live in the city and in towns, most of them in or near Chengguan District, and the remainder live in rural areas.

Ethnicity

The 2000 census give the following breakdown for the population of the prefecture-level city as a whole:{{sfn|Yeh|Henderson|2008|p=25}}

The 2000 census counts more than 105,000 people in Chengguan District who are registered elsewhere.

Most of them are Han, with agricultural registrations.{{sfn|Yeh|Henderson|2008|pp=21–25}}

Outside Chengguan District, in 2000 the rural townships almost all had Han populations below 2.85%, other than one in Duilongdeqing County and one in Qushui County, both near the metropolitan district of Lhasa. Urban towns other than Yangbajain had Han populations of between 2.86% and 11.25%. Within the metropolitan district Han population ranged from 11.26% to 11.25% in the southern rural township to 46.56% to 47.46% in the city street offices.{{sfn|Yeh|Henderson|2008|p=26}}

Han migrants accounted for 20% of the population, but held a much higher percentage of the higher-status office and service-sector jobs.

Hans also dominated construction, mining and trade.{{sfn|Yeh|Henderson|2008|p=26–27}}

According to the November 2000 census, the ethnic distribution in Lhasa Prefecture-level City was as follows:{{sfn|Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000...}}

Administrative divisions

Lhasa metropolitan district includes most of the built-up area, which counts as urban, and four rural townships.

The counties also contain urban towns, of which there are nine in the prefectural municipality.{{sfn|Yeh|Henderson|2008|pp=21–25}}

Official census figures for 2000 are:{{sfn|Yeh|Henderson|2008|pp=21–25}}

The census figures differ considerably from the Tibet Statistical Yearbooks for the same period, since the yearbook only includes the registered population and counts them based on place of origin rather than place of residence. The 1990 census used an approach similar to the yearbook, so the numbers are misleading, but the 2000 census tried to count people who had actually been present in Lhasa for over six months. The census distinguishes between "agricultural" and "non-agricultural" registration, but this does not reflect the actual occupations of the people. Many with an "agricultural" registration may in fact work in the city or in a town.

Also, the census was taken in November, when many of the ethnic Han workers in seasonal industries such as construction would have been away from Tibet.

Finally, the census does not count the military.{{sfn|Yeh|Henderson|2008|pp=21–25}}

Infrastructure

Highways

China National Highway 318 enters the prefecture-level city from the east at Mila Mountain, where it reaches an elevation of {{convert|5000|m|sigfig=5}}.{{sfn|A journey in Tibet: Mila Mountain}}

The highway runs through Maizhokunggar County from east to west.{{sfn|Mozhugongka County Overview, Lhasa Municipal}}

It continues along the south bank of the Lhasa River through Dagzê County, then crosses to the north of the river in Chengguan District and runs through the center of the urban district. It turns south to cross Doilungdêqên District, where it is joined by 109, and continues down the west side of the Lhasa River through Qüxü County, and then along the north shore of the Yarlung Tsangpo through Nyêmo County, and onward to the west.{{sfn|Lhasa region map, China Mike}}

China National Highway 109 (the Qinghai–Tibet Highway) runs through Damxung County from the northeast to southwest, then turns to the southeast at Yangbajain.{{sfn|Lhasa region map, China Mike}}

It then runs through Doilungdêqên District along the Duilong River valley, to join China National Highway 318 just west of Lhasa.{{sfn|Duilongdeqing County, Administrative divisions}}

The Lhasa Airport Expressway from Lhasa to Lhasa Gonggar Airport in Lhoka (Shannan) Prefecture is the first expressway in the Tibet Autonomous Region.{{sfn|430 million yuan in place for Lhasa-Gongkar ... 2010}}

Construction began in April, 2009. The expressway is {{convert|37.8|km}} long and has four lanes.{{sfn|Shi|2011}}

Railway

The Qinghai–Tibet Railway runs through the Lhasa prefecture-level city beside the Qinghai–Tibet Highway through Damxung County and Doilungdêqên District.{{sfn|Duilongdeqing County, Administrative divisions}}

It terminates at Lhasa Railway Station in Niu New Area (Liuwu Township).{{sfn|Lhasa Railway Station, Tripadvisor}}

The terminus of the Qinghai–Tibet line, this station is over {{convert|3600|m}} above sea level, and is its largest passenger transport station.

It includes a clinic with oxygen treatment facilities. The station uses solar energy for heating.{{sfn|Lhasa Railway Station Duilongdeqing County}}

The Liuwu Bridge links central Lhasa to Lhasa Railway Station and the newly developed Niu New Area of Doilungdêqên District on the south bank of the Lhasa River.

Residents in the area were resettled to make way for the new development.{{sfn|Resettlement and railroad construction in Lhasa}}

Power

The Yangbajain Geothermal Station was established in 1977 to exploit the Yangbajain Geothermal Field in Damxung.{{sfn|Yangbajing, Ministry of Culture}}

It is the first geothermal power station to be built in Tibet and is the largest geothermal steam power plant in China.{{sfn|An|2003|p=27}}

4,000 kW of electricity from Yangbajain began to be delivered to Lhasa in 1981 along a transmission line that followed the Doilung Qu River.{{sfn|Zhang|Tong|1982|p=320}}

It was the main power supply for Lhasa until the Yamdrok Hydropower Station came into operation.{{sfn|An|2003|p=27}}

By the end of 2000 eight steam turbo generators had been installed at the Yangbajain Geothermal Station, each with capacity of 3,000 kW, giving a total of 25,000 kW.{{sfn|An|2003|p=27}}

The geothermal field delivers 25,181 kilowatts, or 100 million kilowatts annually, to the city of Lhasa to the south.{{sfn|Damxung Mineral Resources}}

The Pangduo Hydro Power Station has been called "Tibet's Three Gorges Dam".

It impounds the Lhasa River in Pondo Township of Lhünzhub County, about {{convert|63|km}} from Lhasa.{{sfn|'Tibet's Three Gorges Dam' starts operation}}

It is at an elevation of {{convert|13390|ft}} above sea level, upstream from the 100MW Zhikong Dam at {{convert|12660|ft}}.{{sfn|Buckley|2014|p=52}}

The rock-fill dam impounds {{convert|1,170,000,000|m3}} of water.{{sfn|Tibet's biggest water-related project launched}}

The power station has total installed capacity of 160 MW.{{sfn|Guan|2013}}

The Zhikong Hydro Power Station lies between the middle and lower reaches of the Lhasa River, also called the Kyi River.{{sfn|Zheng|2007}}

It is about {{convert|100|km}} northeast of Lhasa, in Maizhokunggar County.{{sfn|Pletcher|2010|p=299}}{{sfn|Hydroelectric Power Plants in China, Platts}}

It is at an elevation of {{convert|12660|ft}} above sea level, downstream from the Pangduo Hydro Power Station.{{sfn|Buckley|2014|p=52}}

The Zhikong Dam, a rock-fill dam, is {{convert|50|m}} tall.{{sfn|China region completes work on 100-MW Zhikong}}

It impounds {{convert|225000000|m3}} of water.{{sfn|Zheng|2007}}

Installed capacity is 100 MW.{{sfn|Hydroelectric Power Plants in China, Platts}}

Other facilities

The rural counties generally have numerous primary schools at the village level, with high levels of attendance, and at least one secondary school.

In 2010 there were 28 schools in Dagzê County, including one junior high school and one kindergarten.{{sfn|Basic Dazi|, DIIB}}

As of 2009 there were 37 primary and secondary school buildings in Damxung County.{{sfn|Damxung, Baidu Baike}}

Maizhokunggar County has one high school, 14 full primary schools and 74 village schools.{{sfn|Mozhugongka County, China Intercontinental}}

Nyêmo County has 24 primary and secondary schools, including one junior high school.{{sfn|Nyêmo County Overview, Lhasa Municipality}}

As of 2002 Qüxü County had one County Middle School, and 18 primary schools.{{sfn|Booming Lhasa Qushui, CCTV}}

Outside Lhasa most of the Tibetans do not understand the Chinese language, so Tibetan is the natural language for basic instruction. However, this may be affected by the availability of teachers and the preference of the local administration.{{sfn|Cheng|2011|p=296}}

As of 2003 the former bilingual mode of instruction had been changed to giving instruction in Chinese in some of the counties near Lhasa.

Examination results were already poor in subjects such as mathematics and physics. Marks dropped further after the change.{{sfn|Cheng|2011|p=297}}

Some of the township seats have a small clinic. Most have only a health station, usually poorly supplied.{{sfn|McCue|2010|p=43}}

There is a county hospital and five township hospitals in Dagzê County.{{sfn|Basic Dazi|, DIIB}}

There were seven hospitals in Damxung in 2009, including a county hospital, with a total of 40 beds.{{sfn|Damxung Tibet Introduction, CCTV}}

The first drug rehabilitation center in Tibet was being constructed in Duilongdeqing County in 2009. It was planned to provide physiological rehabilitation, psychological therapy and job training for up to 150 drug addicts.{{sfn|First drug rehabilitation center in Tibet ... 2009}}

Lhünzhub County has 23 health care establishments, including a County People's Hospital with 30 beds.{{sfn|Linzhou, TibetOL}}

Maizhokunggar has been selected as a Cooperative Medical System experimental site, which has resulted in a very high percentage of people with health care coverage.{{sfn|Zhongwei |2006|p=474}}

Nyêmo County has a county hospital with 42 medical staff, eight rural health centers and 26 village clinics.{{sfn|Nyêmo County Overview, Lhasa Municipality}}

The local television stations are Xizang TV (XZTV) and Lhasa Broadcasting and Television Center.{{sfn|Buckley|2012|p=141}}

Lhünzhub County has a local radio and television station. TV coverage is received by 72.1% of the population, and radio by 83.4% of the population.{{sfn|Linzhou, TibetOL}}

In Maizhokunggar County television is available to 36% of the population and radio to 48%.{{sfn|Mozhugongka County, China Intercontinental}}

There is a county television station in Nyêmo County.{{sfn|Nyêmo County Overview, Lhasa Municipality}}

As of 2002 in Qüxü County 98% of the population received radio coverage and 94% received television.{{sfn|Booming Lhasa Qushui, CCTV}}

In 2015 there were 359,000 fixed line telephone subscribers in the whole of Tibet.

The rugged high-altitude terrain makes it expensive to provide telecommunications services.

The first mobile phone service was launched in 1993 with just one base station in Lhasa, and as late as 2005 mobile phones were expensive status symbols. Since then both mobile phones and internet usage have grown fast.{{sfn|Salvacion|2015}}

As of 1996 the sole prison (jianyu) for judicially-sentenced political prisoners in Tibet was TAR Prison No. 1, also called Drapchi Prison after the neighborhood in Lhasa where it stands. It is for men serving sentences of five or more years. There is a labor camp (laogai) in Lhasa for men serving shorter sentences.{{sfn|Barnett|1996|p=82}}

There are various other institutions where prisoners from Lhasa shi are held while they are being investigated, or where they undergo reform-through-labor.{{sfn|Barnett|1996|p=86}}

Temples and monasteries

Buddhism was adopted as the official religion of Tibet by king Songtsän Gampo (died 649) at a time when the rise of Hinduism was sweeping away Buddhism in India, the land of its birth. Over the next two centuries Buddhism became established in Tibet, now the center of the religion.{{sfn|Landon|1905|p=29}}

Tibetan Buddhism would become a pervasive influence on the lives of the people.{{sfn|Powers|2007|p=139}}

The first monastery, Samyé, was founded by Trisong Detsen ({{circa|740–798}}).

Its buildings were arranged in a mandala pattern after the Odantapuri monastery in Bihar. The three-story monastery was completed in 766 and consecrated in 767.

Seven Tibetans took monastic vows in a ceremony that marked the start of the long Tibetan tradition of monastic Buddhism.{{sfn|Powers|2007|p=148}}{{efn|Multi-storey buildings such as monasteries in the earthquake-prone Lhasa region usually have battered walls, massive at the base and lighter higher up, with flexible timber frames. Preferably adobe brick is used for the upper floors. The roofs are flat, waterproofed with pounded limestone, and provide living space.{{sfn|Alexander|2013|p=34}} }}

Early foundations

Yerpa, on a hillside in Dagze County, is known for its meditation cave connected with Songtsän Gampo.{{sfn|Historic Dra Yerpa Temple in Tibet, Xinhua}}

The cliffs contain some of the earliest known meditation sites in Tibet, some dating back to pre-Buddhist times. There are a number of small temples, shrines and hermitages.

Songtsän Gampo's queen, Monza Triucham, founded the Dra Yerpa temple here.{{sfn|Dorje|1999|pp=68–69}}

Jokhang in Chengguan District is the most sacred temple in Tibet, built in the 7th century when Songtsän Gampo transferred his capital to Lhasa.

It was designed to house an image of Buddha that the Nepalese queen Tritsun had brought. Later rulers and Dalai Lamas enlarged and elaborated the temple.{{sfn|Buckley|2012|p=142}}

Ramoche Temple to the north of Jokhang is considered the most important temple in Lhasa after Jokhang, and was completed about the same time.{{sfn|Dowman|1988|p=59}}

Muru Nyingba Monastery is a small monastery located between the larger Jokhang temple and Barkhor in the city of Lhasa.

It was the Lhasa seat of the former State Oracle who had his main residence at Nechung Monastery.{{sfn|Dowman|1988|p=40}}

It was destroyed during the persecution of Buddhism under Langdarma ({{circa|838–841}}) but rebuilt by Atiśa (980–1054).

The monastery was part of the Sakya sect at one time. but became Gelug under Sonam Gyatso, the 3rd Dalai Lama (1543–89).{{sfn|Dorje|1999|p=88}}

Middle period

The Nyethang Drolma Temple is southwest of Lhasa, {{convert|36|km}} from the county seat and {{convert|33|km}} from Lhasa.{{sfn|Nie Tong Temple, CTO}}

It is in Nyétang, Qüxü County.{{sfn|Chinese Buddhist temple tour}}

Some sources say that Atiśa (980–1054) built the monastery, which was expanded after his death by his pupil Dromtön (1004–64).{{sfn|Chinese Buddhist temple tour}}

Another version says that Dromtön raised funds to build the temple to commemorate his old friend.{{sfn|Nie Tong Temple, CTO}}

Dromtön built Reting Monastery in Lhünzhub County in 1056.

It was the earliest monastery of the Gedain sect, and the patriarchal seat of that sect.{{sfn|Ling|2005|p=73}}

In 1240 a Mongol force sacked Reting monastery and killed 500 people. The gompa was rebuilt.{{sfn|McCue|2010|p=126}}

When the Gedain sect joined the Gelug sect in the 16th century the monastery adopted the reincarnation system.{{sfn|Ling|2005|p=73}}

Tsurphu Monastery in Doilungdêqên District was built in 1189 and is treated as a regional cultural relic reserve.{{sfn|Lin|2014}}

The monastery was founded by Düsum Khyenpa, 1st Karmapa Lama, founder of Karma Kagyu school.

It is the main Kagyu temple.{{sfn|Lhasa Duilongdeqing County Introduction}}

The Drigung Monastery of the Kagyu Sect was founded in 1179 in Maizhokunggar County.

It is the home of the Drikhung Kagyu School of the Kagyu sect.{{sfn|Ling|2005|p=75}}

At one time Drigung was highly influential in both the political and religious spheres.

It was destroyed in 1290 by Mongols led by a general from the rival Sakya sect, and although rebuilt was never able to regain its power.{{sfn|McCue|2010|p=129}}

Yangpachen Monastery in Yangbajain, Damxung County was historically the seat of the Shamarpas of Karma Kagyu.{{sfn|Dowman|1988|pp=129–130}}

It is the main monastery of the Red Hat school of the Karma Kagyu sect. It was built in 1490, and through extensive repairs and additions grew into a major architectural complex that contained a large collection of cultural relics. The Red Hat school of Karma Kagyu died out in 1791.{{sfn|Yangpachen Monastery, Meiya Travel}}

Other monasteries founded outside the Gelug tradition include Taklung Monastery of the Kagyu school, founded in 1180 in Lhünzhub County,{{sfn|Dorje|Kapstein|1991|p=478}} and Nyêmo Chekar monastery of the Bodongpa school, founded in the 16th century in Nyêmo County.{{sfn|Diemberger|2014|p=239}}

Gelug foundations

Ganden Monastery was built after 1409 at the initiative of Je Tsongkhapa, founder of the Gelug sect, and is the most important of this sect. It is {{convert|57|km}} from Lhasa on the slopes of Wangbori Mountain at an elevation of {{convert|3800|m}}, on the south bank of the Lhasa River in Dagze County. The mountain is said to have the shape of a reclining elephant.

The monastery includes Buddha halls, palace residences, Buddhist colleges and other buildings.{{sfn|Gandain Monastery, China Intercontinental|p=2}}

Drepung Monastery in Chengguan District was founded in 1416 by Jamyang Choge Tashi Palden (1397–1449), one of Tsongkhapa's main disciples.

It was named after the sacred abode in South India of Shridhanyakataka.{{sfn|Dorje|1999|p=113}}

At one time Drepung Monastery, with up to 10,000 resident monks, was the largest in the world. Sera Monastery was not much smaller.{{sfn|Bisht|2008|p=25}}

Sera Monastery, about {{convert|2|mi}} north of Lhasa, was founded in 1419 by Jamchen Chöjé Shakya Yeshé (1354–1435), a close disciple of Tsongkhapa.{{sfn|Cabezón|2008}}

Ganden, Drepung and Sera are called the great "Three Seats of Learning" of the Gulugpa school.{{sfn|Hackett|Bernard|2013|p=325}}

The Nechung Monastery, former home of the Nechung Oracle, is located in Naiquong township, also in Duilongdeqing County.{{sfn|Foster|Lee|Lin-Liu|Reiber|2012|p=787}} Nechung was built by the 5th Dalai Lama (1617–82).{{sfn|LaRocca|2006|p=28}} Other Gelug foundations include Sanga Monastery (1419, Dagzê County), Ani Tsankhung Nunnery (15th century, Chengguan District), Kundeling Monastery (1663, Chengguan District), and Tsomon Ling (17th century, Chengguan District).

Revolution and reconstruction

Most of the monasteries in the prefecture-level city suffered damage, and many were destroyed, before and during the Cultural Revolution (1966–76).

Jokhang was used as a military barracks and a slaughterhouse during the Cultural Revolution, and then as a hotel for Chinese officials.{{sfn|Buckley|2012|p=142}}

Many of the statues were taken, or were damaged or destroyed, so most of the present statues are recent copies.

Jokhang was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000.{{sfn|Buckley|2012|p=143}}

Ramoche Temple was badly damaged during the Cultural Revolution but has been restored with assistance from the Swiss.{{sfn|Kelly|Bellezza|2008|p=113}}

The Nyethang Drolma Temple survived the Cultural Revolution without much damage, and was able to preserve most of its valuable artifacts, due to the intervention of Premier Zhou Enlai at the request of the government of what is now Bangladesh.{{sfn|Fenton|1999|p=93}}

Reting Monastery was devastated by the Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution, and has only been partially restored.{{sfn|Mayhew|Kohn|2005|p=142}}

Tsurphu monastery was reduced to rubble, but the huge temples and chanting halls have been rebuilt.{{sfn|McCue|2010|p=134}}

Before and during the Cultural Revolution (1966–76) Drigung Monastery was looted of almost all its collection of statues, stupas, thangkas, manuscripts and other objects apart from a few small statues that the monks managed to hide. The buildings were severely damaged.

Reconstruction began in 1983 and seven of the fifteen temples were rebuilt.{{sfn|Drikung Thil, Drikung Kagyu Order}}

Yangpachen Monastery was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution, but later was rebuilt.{{sfn|Yangpachen Monastery, Meiya Travel}}

Ganden Monastery was completely destroyed during the rebellion of 1959.

In 1966 it was severely shelled by Red Guard artillery, and monks had to dismantle the remains.{{sfn|Dowman|1988|p=99}}

The buildings were reduced to rubble using dynamite during the Cultural Revolution.{{sfn|Buckley|2012|p=174}}

Re-building has continued since the 1980s.{{sfn|Dowman|1988|p=99–100}}

Nechung was almost completely destroyed but has been largely restored.

There is a huge new statue of Guru Rinpoche (Padmasambhava) on the second floor.{{sfn|Mayhew|Kohn|2005|p=22}}

Nine sites in the Lhasa valley were listed in 1985 by the TAR Cultural Relics Authority as "regionally protected buildings".

These were Tsangkung Nunnery, Meru Monastery and Great Kashmiri Mosque in the old city, and the Karmashar Temple, Meru Nyingba Monastery and Northern, Southern, Eastern and Western Rigsum Temples elsewhere in the former prefecture.{{sfn|Alexander|2013|p=374}}

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

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• {{cite web |ref={{harvid|Damxung Mineral Resources}} |url = http://www.ls.xzgtt.gov.cn/zygk/kczy/201008/t20100815_740455.htm

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• {{cite web |ref={{harvid|Dazi, Baidu Baike}} |url = http://baike.baidu.com/view/183254.htm

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• {{cite web|ref={{harvid|Drikung Thil, Drikung Kagyu Order}}|url=http://www.drikung.org/drikung-kagyu-lineage/main-monasteries/drikung/drikung-thil

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• {{cite web|ref={{harvid|Government Work Report 2011}}|url=http://www.lasa.gov.cn/Government/PublicInfoShow.aspx?Id=474

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• {{cite web|ref=harv|url=http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Pseudois_nayaur.html

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