“Liao Deshan”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Liao Deshan ({{zh|c=廖德山}}; was a Chinese educator of the early 20th century. He was a close friend and advisor of Sun Yat-sen and revolutionaries held meetings at his home. Liao's family played an instrumental role in the modernisation of education in China and in 1890 he also founded Pui Ching Middle Schools 培正中学.

Birth and family background

His father Liao Xin Tiangong 廖莘田公 and his elder brother were orphans in the mid 19th century.

They roamed the streets of Guangzhou, where some Christian proselytizers had set up feeding stations for the hordes of suffering humanity displaced by war and misrule of the Manchus.

At age 14, he converted to Christianity. He was self-educated. He became a doctor of Chinese medicine, a Baptist minister fluent in English, and an admirer of democracy.

Education years

Liao Deshan became also a Baptist minister and earned the license of Christian practice as a medical doctor from the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese (the forerunner of the University of Hong Kong) in 1892.

There he met Sun Yat-sen. Notably, of their class of 12 students, he and Sun were the only two who graduated.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Sun Yat-sen played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty and was appointed to serve as Provisional President of the Republic of China, when it was founded in 1912.

When Liao Deshan and Sun Yat-sen returned to Guangzhou, Liao’s home became a meeting place for the revolutionaries and Liao became one of the founders of Kuomintang.^[4]

Liao Deshan believed in universal suffrage, advocated the equality of the sexes, education of women, unbinding women's feet, and abolishing polygamy.

He, along with Sun and others, went into exile in Japan in 1908, when the Manchus came after them.

In 1890 he found the Pui Ching Middle Schools 培正中学 which is still a thriving institution in Hong Kong and Macau, which insisted on excellence in both Chinese and Math, way ahead of his time. Two Nobel Prize winners in physics were students there.

When he was a young doctor during the 1880s and 1890s, he went from village to village, offering medical care. When the peasants couldn't pay him, they often asked what they could do for him. He asked if they would allow him to unbind their daughters' feet. Quite often, the peasants allowed him; even though it was dangerous to go against age-old customs, because he had saved lives and spared them pain.

When his eldest daughter asked why he was so adamant in unbinding women's feet, he replied: "Because women pass their pains onto their children."

Family life

Liao Deshan had one wife, and 10 children. Three sons and seven daughters, none of the girls had bound feet, which was rare during the last days of the Qing dynasty. He was employed at Lingnan as a doctor and physiology professor. in exchange for his services he asked his children to be studying there for free. Then, through his connection with the churches in New England, he managed to have almost all his children (his last daughter reached maturity after the passing of her father so was not able to do further studies) to be university educated.

All his children were outstanding people who dedicated their lives to ‘Change through education’ and all studied at Lingnan University (Guangzhou), (the number in parenthesis after their name indicates the order of birth):^[5]

廖奉献 (Liao Fengxian) (1) was educated at the College of Wooster and at Wellesley College got a Master in education at Columbia University and was one of the earliest women who went to graduate school.^[6] She was instrumental in opening up Chinese universities to women. After she came back to China she served as first Dean of the Women's College of Lingnan University.

廖奉恩 (Liao Fengen) (2) was the first Chinese woman who went to Smith College and also got a Master in education from Columbia University. When she returned to Guangzhou she served as Soong Ching-ling (Madame Sun Yat-Sen)'s English secretary; then she served as Vice-Principal of 广州执信中学 Zhixin High School^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] in 1924 and Principal from 1937. She served also on the board of directors of Lingnan University from 1926.^[11] Liao Fengen helped translating the famous Bahá'í journalist Martha Root in her visit to Canton in 1924. On April 11, 1924 she wrote to Martha Root:

"I want to assure you that during your brief visit in Canton you have sown seeds for the Bahá'í Cause which, in due time, will bring forth a thousand folds.

You have certainly given a new impetus to my religious life. I have found in the Bahá'í teachings that something which I have hitherto sought for in vain. I find that it satisfied both the requirements of the intellect and the longings of the heart.

The Bahá'í movement appeals to me in that it is a movement for the doing away of all kinds of prejudice, which is so detrimental to all kinds of thinking both spiritually and intellectually and for the ushering in of the new era of universal brotherhood through the spirit of good will."

廖奉基 (Liao Fengji) (3) after studying at Lingnan University and UK she moved to study her master at Bryn Mawr College in 1918. She was the first Chinese to enter Bryan Mawr. In 1925 she founded 粤华中学 (Yuet Wah College), and she served as its president for over 20 years.

廖崇真 (Liao Chongzhen) (4) was a Chinese government official and president of the College of Agriculture at Sun Yat-sen University. He was appointed to Director of the Department of Sericulture under the Kuomintang (KMT), achieving a great improvement of agriculture through Guangdong province.^[12]^[13] Many dams. bridges and irrigation canals in Guangdong province were named by him. During his lifetime he was also a prominent member of the Bahá'í Faith doing many translations from Bahá'u'lláh's and 'Abdu'l-Bahá's writings into Chinese.

廖奉灵 (Liao Fengling) (6) when was a child was presented by her mother to Dr. Sun Yat-Ssen, he stroke her head and said: "You will grow up to do great things for the country." ^[14]^[15]

She studied at the University of Michigan, where she heard about the Bahá'í Faith from Martha Root. In 1931, on her way back to China she stopped in Yokohama, Japan, where she met Agnes Alexander, Keith Ransom-Kehler and some Japanese friends. Agnes Alexander recalls:

“While her steamer was in port in Yokohama, Miss Liu came to Tokyo and spent a night with us. It was an especially happy occasion, as it was the evening when we held a Bahá'í meeting and a spiritual unity was made between this Chinese young woman and the Japanese friends.”

She was he first Chinese president of Concordia College for women (广州市协和中学),^[16]^[17] which in 1937 was ranked by the Ministry of Education as one of the top nine secondary schools in the country and had a 100% rate of students passing the entry examinations to Chinese Universities. In January 1939 she wrote to Martha Root to say she was now in charge of a normal school with 300 students, and that she often thought of Miss Root and her "inspiring personality and of the Cause you are trying to promote and spread throughout the world".

After difficult times during the Cultural Revolution, her life of service in education continued and she served as deputy director of the city Department of Education. She also served as a member of the municipal Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Standing Committee,^[18] vice chairman of the city Democratic Foundation^[19] and as president of the Guangzhou Children's Welfare Association. In 1976 was the head of the reform in English teaching in Guangzhou. An award bearing her name has been created in Guangzhou, the 'Liao Fengling award' for outstanding teaching as well a kindergarten bearing her name.^[20]^[21]

廖崇圣 (Liao Chongshen) (7) who became a famous journalist and served as editor of Central Daily News, the KMT’s official paper and then moved to US where he worked for Voice of America for the remaining part of his life ^[22]

廖奉洁 (Liao Fengjie) (8) also studied at the University of Michigan and worked in Hong Kong and Macau Pui Ching Middle School.

廖奉贞 (Liao Fengzhen) (10) studied at the Sun Yat-Sen University and after her studies founded an orphanage.^[23]

In popular culture

A documentary on the life of his eldes son, Liao Chongzhen is in production and is scheduled for release on 21 April 2015.

References

1. ^HK university. [2002] (2002). Growing with Hong Kong: the University and its graduates: the first 90 years. {{ISBN|962-209-613-1}}, {{ISBN|978-962-209-613-4}}.
2. ^Singtao daily. 28 February 2011. 特別策劃 section A10. Sun Yat-sen Xinhai revolution 100th anniversary edition.
3. ^South China morning post. Birth of Sun heralds dawn of revolutionary era for China. 11 November 1999.
4. ^Blog about Liao Fengen: http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_48c39e9b010142dz.html
5. ^Rich by three generation, private blog: http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_a331f5dc0102v3we.html
6. ^Memories of Principal Zhong Ron: http://www.gzzxws.gov.cn/gzws/gzws/ml/24/200809/t20080912_7388.htm
7. ^Guangzhou Zhixin Middle school: http://baike.baidu.com/view/324575.htm?fr=aladdin
8. ^Guangdong Education: http://www.gzzxws.gov.cn/gzws/gzws/sqfl/dgmsq/200809/t20080917_9058.htm
9. ^Zhixin Middle school memories: http://www.stlhedu.net/xs/x2.html
10. ^Guangdong Government: http://www.gzzxws.gov.cn/gzws/gzws/ml/di77j/201307/t20130729_31731.htm
11. ^Alumni Association of South China Agricultural University: {{cite web |url=http://web.scau.edu.cn/xyh/Article_View_show.asp?id=202 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-11-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129031059/http://web.scau.edu.cn/xyh/Article_View_show.asp?id=202 |archivedate=29 November 2014 |df=dmy-all }}
12. ^The Rise and Fall of Guangdong Silk Industry: http://news.dayoo.com/history/201008/24/88669_13685663.htm
13. ^Liao Chongzhen and the silk industry: http://www.gzzxws.gov.cn/gzws/gzws/ml/39/200809/t20080917_8868.htm
14. ^My mother: Liao Fengling: http://www.gzzxws.gov.cn/gxsl/rwcq/200809/t20080912_7383_1.htm
15. ^A life for education: http://www.gzzxws.gov.cn/gxsl/rwcq/200809/t20080917_8716.htm
16. ^https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh/%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82%E5%8D%8F%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6
17. ^Concordia School: http://www.gdzsxx.com/zxx/school/xx/49172.html
18. ^Guangzhou Government: {{cite web |url=http://www.gdmj.org.cn/plus/view.php?aid=288&pageno=4 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-11-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129034941/http://www.gdmj.org.cn/plus/view.php?aid=288&pageno=4 |archivedate=29 November 2014 |df=dmy-all }}
19. ^Democratic Foundation: http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=8eS87UEKH9vUwfN2b22bMq6Ig45lnUGsXpMstY5j-nAGh4YFTJNJk3lHQQKzP2F8wwCQEF6v-zQQZHrNIae84a
20. ^Awards: http://edu6.teacher.com.cn/tkc135a/kcxx/jsjj.htm
21. ^Liao Fengling kindergarten: {{cite web |url=http://www.gzluogang.edu.cn/DocHtml/1/2012/11/16/311744469833.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-11-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129060156/http://www.gzluogang.edu.cn/DocHtml/1/2012/11/16/311744469833.html |archivedate=29 November 2014 |df=dmy-all }}
22. ^The eve of the liberation of media in Guangzhou: http://www.gzzxws.gov.cn/gzws/gzws/fl/wjwt/200809/t20080917_9118.htm
23. ^Education in Guangdong: http://www.gzzxws.gov.cn/gzws/cg/cgml/cg10/200808/t20080825_3702_1.htm