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词条 List of battlecruisers of the United States
释义

  1. Key

  2. Lexington class

  3. Alaska class

  4. Notes

  5. Footnotes

  6. References

  7. Further reading

{{United States Navy ship types}}

The United States Navy began building a series of battlecruisers in the 1920s, more than a decade after their slower and less heavily armed armored cruisers had been rendered obsolete by the Royal Navy's {{sclass-|Invincible|battlecruiser|0}} battlecruisers. Construction of these ships was abandoned under the terms of an armaments limitation treaty, though two were completed as aircraft carriers. The US Navy subsequently ordered six "large cruisers"—which are often considered battlecruisers by historians—in 1940, of which only two entered service.

At first unconvinced of the importance of the superior speed of the British battlecruisers, the US Navy changed its position after evaluating the new type of ship in fleet exercises and Naval War College wargames, and after the Japanese acquisition of four {{sclass-|Kongō|battlecruiser|2}}s in the early 1910s. The Secretary of the Navy initially refused the General Board's suggested procurement of several battlecruisers,[1] but fleet exercises revealed that the Navy lacked forces that could effectively find and track an enemy fleet in any weather, and a consensus gradually emerged that battlecruisers would be ideal for this role. Battlecruisers were effective when concentrating their fire on an enemy fleet's leading ships, as the Japanese armored cruisers had done to the Russians at the Battle of Tsushima in 1905. Another role envisioned was tracking down and destroying enemy commerce raiders. British experience during the Battle of the Falkland Islands in late 1914 and the Battle of Dogger Bank the following year, where British battlecruisers caught and destroyed German armored cruisers, confirmed all these capabilities.

So when Congress authorized a large naval building program in 1916, six {{sclass-|Lexington|battlecruiser|2}}s were included. None were completed before the arms-limiting Washington Naval Treaty was ratified in 1922; four were broken up on the slipway and two were converted into aircraft carriers.[2] The treaty forestalled any further development of battlecruisers for the next decade and a half, but a number of countries experimented with "cruiser-killer" ships in the late 1930s that were designed to destroy the post-London Naval Treaty heavy cruisers. These designs were formally designated as battlecruisers by the Dutch and Soviets and as large cruisers by the Japanese and Americans, but all were roughly equivalent and all were commonly called battlecruisers. The US Navy's main impetus for the Alaska class was the threat posed by Japanese cruisers raiding its lines of communication in the event of war. Heavy cruisers were also the most likely surface threat to aircraft carriers making independent raids, so a cruiser-killer was also an ideal carrier escort.[3] Reports of a Japanese equivalent{{refn|Jane's Fighting Ships thought that this battlecruiser of the mythical Chichibu class would have six 12-inch guns and {{convert|30|kn|lk=in}} speed packed into a {{convert|15000|LT|t|adj=on}} ship.[4]|group=note}} reinforced the Navy's desire for these ships. Two were commissioned in time to serve during the last year of World War II, but were decommissioned two years after the war.[5][6]

Key

Main guns The number and type of the main battery guns
Armor Waterline belt thickness
Displacement Ship displacement at full load
Propulsion Number of shafts, type of propulsion system, and top speed generated
Service The dates work began and finished on the ship and its ultimate fate
Laid down The date the keel began to be assembled
Launched The date the ship was launched
Commissioned The date the ship was commissioned

Lexington class

{{Main article|Lexington-class battlecruiser}}

The design of the Lexington-class battlecruisers was approved on 30 June 1916 and six were planned as part of the massive 1916 building program, but their construction was repeatedly postponed in favor of escort ships and anti-submarine vessels.[7] The original design mounted ten {{convert|14|in|0|adj=on}} and sixteen {{convert|5|in|0|adj=on}} guns on a lightly armored hull with a maximum speed of {{convert|35|kn|lk=in}}. The General Board regarded the design's firepower as inadequate and took the opportunity offered by the postponement to order a redesign to improve the ships' armament to include eight {{convert|16|in|0|adj=on}} and sixteen {{convert|6|in|0|adj=on}} guns. After the Americans entered World War I in April 1917, the Royal Navy furnished more information from its analyses of the Battle of Jutland, in which three British battlecruisers were destroyed by magazine explosions, and provided detailed information on the heavily armored design of the {{sclass2-|Admiral|battlecruiser|2}}s then under construction. The General Board then re-evaluated the design and greatly increased the armor protection, at the cost of reducing the maximum speed to {{convert|33|kn}}. Anti-torpedo bulges, additional torpedo bulkheads and a general increase in armor thicknesses increased the design's beam by {{convert|11|ft|1}} and increased its displacement by over {{convert|7000|LT|t|lk=in}}.[8]

While four of the ships were eventually cancelled and scrapped on their slipways to comply with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty,[9] {{USS|Lexington|CV-2|2}} and {{USS|Saratoga|CV-3|2}}, the two most advanced ships, were converted into the United States' first fleet carriers. In World War II, Lexington conducted several raids on Japanese bases before being sunk during the Battle of Coral Sea in May 1942.[10] Saratoga sank the {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Ryūjō}} during the Battle of the Eastern Solomons three months later, then supported a number of American operations in the Pacific before being attached to the British Eastern Fleet for operations in the Indian Ocean. Though she was torpedoed twice, Saratoga survived the war, and was destroyed as a target ship during Operation Crossroads, a series of atomic bomb tests at Bikini Atoll in mid-1946.[11]

ShipMain gunsArmorDisplacementPropulsionService
Laid downLaunchedCommissionedFate
{{USS|Lexington|CV-2|6}} (CV-2, ex-CC-1)8 × {{convert|16|in|0|abbr=on}}[9]{{convert|7|in|0|abbr=on}}[9]44,638 long tons
(45,354 t)[10]		4 screws, turbo-electric,
{{convert|33|knots|abbr=on}}[9]		8 January 1921[10]3 October 1925[11]14 December 1927[11]Sunk during the Battle of the Coral Sea, 8 May 1942[11]
{{USS|Constellation|CC-2}}8 August 1920[10]Cancelled 17 August 1923[10] and sold for scrap[12]
{{USS|Saratoga|CV-3|6}} (CV-3, ex-CC-3)25 September 1920[10]7 April 1925[13]16 November 1927[13]Sunk as a target ship, 25 July 1946[13]
{{USS|Ranger|CC-4}}23 June 1921[10]Cancelled 17 August 1923[10] and sold for scrap, 8 November 1923[14]
{{USS|Constitution|CC-5}}25 September 1920[10]Cancelled 17 August 1923[10] and sold for scrap[15]
{{USS|United States|CC-6}}25 September 1920[10]Cancelled 17 August 1923[10] and sold for scrap, 25 October 1923[16]

Alaska class

{{Main article|Alaska-class cruiser}}

The Alaska-class cruisers were six very large cruisers ordered on 9 September 1940.[17] They were known, popularly and by historians, as "battlecruisers",[18][19] although the Navy discouraged describing them as such and gave them the hull symbol for large cruisers (CB). All were named after territories or insular areas of the United States, unlike battleships, generally named for states, or cruisers, named for cities.[20] Initial design work for a "cruiser-killer" began in 1938, although the design was not finalized until June 1941. Of the six ships ordered in September 1940,[21] only three were laid down; two of these were completed,[22] and the third's construction was suspended on 16 April 1947 when she was 84% complete.[23]

{{USS|Alaska|CB-1|2}} and {{USS|Guam|CB-2|2}} served for the last year of World War II as bombardment ships and fast carrier escorts. Once the two ships reached Bayonne, New Jersey in late 1945 and early 1946, they never left port again.[24][25] Numerous plans to convert Hawaii into a guided-missile cruiser or a large command ship in the years after the war were fruitless, and she was sold for scrap in 1959, two years before her sisters.[26]
ShipMain gunsArmorDisplacementPropulsionService
Laid downLaunchedCommissionedFate
{{USS|Alaska|CB-1}}9 × {{convert|12|in|0|abbr=on}}[46]{{convert|9|in|0}}[46]34,253 long tons
(34,803 t)[46]		4 screws, steam turbines
{{convert|33|knots|abbr=on}}[46]		17 December 1941[27]15 August 1943[27]17 June 1944[27]Sold for scrap, 30 June 1961[28]
{{USS|Guam|CB-2}}2 February 1942[28]12 November 1943[28]17 September 1944[28]Sold for scrap, 24 May 1961[57]
{{USS|Hawaii|CB-3}}20 December 1943[29]3 November 1945[29]N/ASold for scrap, 15 April 1959[30]
{{USS|Philippines|CB-4}}Cancelled 24 June 1943, before construction began[31]
{{USS|Puerto Rico|CB-5}}
{{USS|Samoa|CB-6}}

Notes

1. ^Hone, pp. 8–11
2. ^Hone, pp. 11–14
3. ^Friedman, p. 288
4. ^McMurtrie, p. 292
5. ^Friedman, pp. 288, 291
6. ^Garzke & Dulin, pp. 185, 187
7. ^Friedman 1984, pp. 88, 90
8. ^Hone, pp. 14–28
9. ^1 2 Hone, p. 25
10. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Gardiner & Gray, p. 119
11. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/l6/lexington-iv.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040316132033/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/l6/lexington-iv.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=16 March 2004|title=Lexington|work=Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships|publisher=Naval History & Heritage Command (NH&HC)|accessdate=14 April 2012}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/usnshtp/bb/cc1.htm |title=Lexington Class (CC-1 through CC-6) |accessdate=15 April 2012 |date=26 February 2004 |work= |publisher=NH&HC |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008042216/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/usnshtp/bb/cc1.htm |archivedate=8 October 2008 |df= }}
13. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/s6/saratoga-v.htm|title=Saratoga|work=Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships|publisher=NH&HC|accessdate=14 April 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123131351/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/s6/saratoga-v.htm|archivedate=23 January 2012|df=}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/r2/ranger-vii.htm |title=Ranger |work=Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships |publisher=NH&HC |accessdate=14 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103162708/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/r2/ranger-vii.htm |archivedate=3 November 2012 |df= }}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-c/cc5.htm |title=USS Constitution (CC-5), 1918 Program – construction cancelled in 1923 |accessdate=15 April 2012 |date=20 February 2000 |work= |publisher=NH&HC |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315035744/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-c/cc5.htm |archivedate=15 March 2012 |df= }}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/u1/united_states.htm |title=United States |work=Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships |publisher=NH&HC |accessdate=14 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120207135551/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/u1/united_states.htm |archivedate=7 February 2012 |df= }}
17. ^Friedman, p. 301
18. ^Garzke & Dulin, p. 179
19. ^Silverstone, p. 433
20. ^The Territories of Alaska and Hawaii were admitted to the Union as the forty-ninth and fiftieth states in 1959.
21. ^Friedman, pp. 288–301
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/usnshtp/cru/cb1cl.htm |title=Alaska Class (CB-1 through CB-6), 1941 Building Program |date=26 March 2001 |publisher=NH&HC |accessdate=15 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208080208/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/usnshtp/cru/cb1cl.htm |archivedate=8 February 2012 |df= }}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/h3/hawaii.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040314041534/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/h3/hawaii.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=14 March 2004|title=Hawaii|work=Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships|publisher=NH&HC|accessdate=14 April 2012}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/a5/alaska-iii.htm|title=Alaska|work=Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships|publisher=NH&HC|accessdate=14 April 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614065539/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/a5/alaska-iii.htm|archivedate=14 June 2012|df=}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/g9/guam-ii.htm|title=Guam|work=Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships|publisher=NH&HC|accessdate=14 April 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207173551/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/g9/guam-ii.htm|archivedate=7 December 2010|df=}}
26. ^Whitley, pp. 278–79
27. ^1 2 Garzke & Dulin, p. 185
28. ^1 2 3 Garzke & Dulin, p. 187
29. ^1 2 3 4 5 Whitley, p. 276
30. ^1 Whitley, p. 279
31. ^Garzke & Dulin, p. 190

Footnotes

{{Reflist|30em}}

References

{{Portal|Battleships}}
  • {{cite book|last1 = Garzke| first1 = William H. | last2 = Dulin | first2 = Robert O. | title=Battleships: United States Battleships in World War II|location=Annapolis, Maryland |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=1976 |isbn=1-55750-174-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFv4gqBwF1UC&pg=PA179&dq=%22Alaska+class%22#PPA179,M1}}
  • {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=U.S. Cruisers: An Illustrated Design History|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1984|isbn=0-87021-718-6}}
  • {{cite book |editor1-last=Gardiner |editor1-first=Robert |editor2-last=Gray |editor2-first=Randal |title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1906–1921 |year=1984 |location=Annapolis, Maryland |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=0-87021-907-3 |oclc=12119866 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V2r_TBjR2TYC}}
  • {{cite book|editor=Jordan, John|publisher=Conway|author=Hone, Trent|chapter=High-Speed Thoroughbreds: The US Navy's Lexington Class Battlecruiser Designs|pages=8–31|location=London|year=2011|title=Warship 2011|isbn=978-1-84486-133-0}}
  • {{cite book|title=Jane's Fighting Ships|editor=McMurtrie, Francis E.|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|year=1942|volume=1941|oclc=22496506}}
  • {{cite book|last=Silverstone|first=Paul H.|title=Directory of the World's Capital Ships|year=1984|publisher=Hippocrene Books|location=New York|isbn=0-88254-979-0}}
  • {{cite book

| last = Whitley
| first = M. J.
| title = Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia
| location = Annapolis, Maryland
| publisher = Naval Institute Press
| year = 1995
| isbn = 1-55750-141-6
| oclc = 34089382}}

Further reading

  • {{cite book|author=Friedman, Norman | title=U.S. Aircraft Carriers: An Illustrated Design History |location=Annapolis, Maryland |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=1983 |isbn=0-87021-739-9 |oclc=8763586 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-UT7MDTeKj8C}}
  • {{cite book|author1=Gardiner, Robert |author2=Chesneau, Roger | title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1922–1946 |location=Annapolis, Maryland |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=1980 |isbn=0-87021-913-8 |oclc=18121784 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJBMBvyQ83EC}}
  • {{cite book|author=Osborne, Eric W. | title=Cruisers and Battle Cruisers: An Illustrated History of Their Impact |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2004 |isbn=1-85109-369-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PryqSiAk9y4C|location=Santa Barbara, California}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Scarpaci |first1=Wayne |title=Iowa Class Battleships and Alaska Class Large Cruisers Conversion Projects 1942–1964: An Illustrated Technical Reference |date= April 2008 |publisher=Nimble Books|location= |isbn=1-934840-38-6 |oclc= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4z8UIRymR4C}}
{{WWI US ships}}{{WWIIUSShips}}{{Battlecruisers of the world}}{{featured list}}{{DEFAULTSORT:List of Battlecruisers of the United States Navy}}

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