| 词条 | Shadda | ||||||
| 释义 |
Shaddah ({{lang-ar|شَدّة}} {{Transl|ar|ALA|shaddah}} "[sign of] emphasis", also called by the verbal noun from the same root, tashdid {{Lang|ar|تشديد}} {{Transl|ar|ALA|tashdīd}} "emphasis") is one of the diacritics used with the Arabic alphabet, marking a long consonant (geminate). It is functionally equivalent to writing a consonant twice in the orthographies of languages like Latin, Italian, Swedish, and Ancient Greek, and is thus rendered in Latin script in most schemes of Arabic transliteration, e.g. {{lang|ar|رُمّان}} = {{transl|ar|ALA|rummān}} 'pomegranates'. FormIn shape, it is a small letter {{lang|ar|س}} s(h)in, standing for shaddah. It was devised for poetry by al-Khalil ibn Ahmad in the eighth century, replacing an earlier dot.[1]
Combination with other diacriticsWhen a shadda is used on a consonant which also takes a {{transl|ar|ALA|fatḥah}} {{IPA|/a/}}, it is written above the shaddah, while if it had a {{transl|ar|ALA|kasrah}} (a dash below the consonant indicating that it takes a short {{IPA|/i/}} as its vowel), the kasrah is written between the consonant and the {{transl|ar|ALA|shaddah}}, under the shaddah, rather than in its normal place. Significance of marking consonant lengthConsonant length in Arabic is contrastive: {{Lang|ar|دَرَسَ}} {{Transl|ar|ALA|darasa}} means 'he studied' while {{Lang|ar|دَرَّسَ}} {{Transl|ar|ALA|darrasa}} means 'he taught'; {{Lang|ar|بَكى صَبي}} {{Transl|ar|ALA|bakā ṣabiyy}} means 'a youth cried' while {{Lang|ar|بَكّى الصَّبي}} {{Transl|ar|ALA|bakkā ṣ-ṣabiyy}} means 'a youth was made to cry'. A consonant may be long because of the form of the noun or verb; e.g., the causative form of the verb requires the 2nd consonant of the root to be long, as in {{Transl|ar|ALA|darrasa}} above, or by assimilation of consonants, for example the {{Transl|ar|l-}} of the Arabic definite article al- assimilates to all dental consonants, e.g. ({{lang|ar|الصّبي}}) {{Transl|ar|(a)ṣ-ṣabiyy}} instead of {{Transl|ar|(a)l-ṣabiyy}}, or through metathesis, the switching of sounds, for example {{Lang|ar|أَقَلّ}} {{Transl|ar|ALA|aqall}} 'less, fewer' (instead of *{{Lang|ar|أَقْلَل}} {{Transl|ar|ALA|aqlal}}), as compared to {{Lang|ar|أَكْبَر}} {{Transl|ar|ALA|akbar}} 'greater'. A syllable closed by a long consonant is made a long syllable. This affects both stress and prosody. Stress falls on the first long syllable from the end of the word, hence {{Lang|ar|أَقَلّ}} {{Transl|ar|ALA|aqáll}} (or, with {{transl|ar|ALA|iʻrāb}}: {{Transl|ar|aqállu}}) as opposed to {{Lang|ar|أَكْبَر}} {{Transl|ar|ákbar}}, {{Lang|ar|مَحَبّة}} {{Transl|ar|maḥábbah}} 'love, agape' as opposed to {{Lang|ar|مَعْرِفة}} {{Transl|ar|ALA|maʻrifah}} '(experiential) knowledge'. In Arabic verse, when scanning the meter, a syllable closed by a long consonant is counted as long, just like any other syllable closed by a consonant or a syllable ending in a long vowel: {{Lang|ar|أَلا تَمْدَحَنَّ}} {{Transl|ar|ALA|a-lā tamdaḥanna}} 'Will you not indeed praise...?' is scanned as {{Transl|ar|a-lā tam-da-ḥan-na}}: short, long, long, short, long, short. See also
References1. ^Versteegh, 1997. The Arabic language. p 56. {{arabic-script-stub}} 1 : Arabic diacritics |
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