| 词条 | List of schools and lineages of Tibetan Buddhism | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
This is a list of schools and lineages of Tibetan Buddhism. It includes monastic and ngagpa lineages. It includes lineages that are entirely non-Tibetan in their current teaching membership, but which are derived from Tibetan Buddhism. SchoolsThe diagram to the right shows the growth of Tibetan Buddhist traditions. The four main ones overlap markedly, such that "about eighty percent or more of the features of the Tibetan schools are the same".[1] Differences include the use of apparently, but not actually, contradictory terminology, opening dedications of texts to different deities and whether phenomena are described from the viewpoint of an unenlightened practitioner or of a Buddha.[1] On questions of philosophy they have no fundamental differences, according to the Fourteenth Dalai Lama [2] The Tibetan adjectival suffix -pa is translatable as "-ist" in English. The four major schools are sometimes said to constitute the Nyingma "Old Translation," and Sarma "New Translation" traditions, the latter following from the historical Kadam lineage of translations and tantric lineages. Each school also traces itself to a certain lineage going back to India as well as certain important Tibetan founders. While all the schools share most practices and methods, each school tends to have a certain preferred focus (see table below). Another common but trivial differentiation is into the Yellow Hat (Gelug) and Red Hat (non-Gelug) sects. The features of each major school is as follows:[3]
Nyingma{{Main|Nyingma}}"The Ancient Ones" are the oldest Buddhist school, the original order founded by acharya Padmasambhava and acharya Śāntarakṣita.[4] Whereas other schools categorize their teachings into the three yānas or "vehicles", Hinayana, Mahayana and Vajrayana, the Nyingma tradition classifies its teachings into Nine Yānas, among the highest of which is Dzogchen.[5] Terma "treasures" (revealed texts) are of particular significance to the Nyingma school. Nyingma Terma lineages
Kagyu(pa){{Main|Kagyu}}"Lineage of the (Buddha's) Word". This is an oral tradition which is very much concerned with the experiential dimension of meditation. Its most famous exponent was Milarepa, an 11th-century mystic. It contains one major and one minor subsect. The first, the Dagpo Kagyu, encompasses those Kagyu schools that trace back to the Indian master Naropa via Marpa Lotsawa, Milarepa and Gampopa[4] and consists of four major sub-sects: the Karma Kagyu, headed by a Karmapa, the Tsalpa Kagyu, the Barom Kagyu, and Pagtru Kagyu. There are a further eight minor sub-sects, all of which trace their root to Pagtru Kagyu and the most notable of which are the Drikung and Drukpa Lineages. The once-obscure Shangpa Kagyu, which was famously represented by the 20th century teacher Kalu Rinpoche, traces its history back to the Indian master Naropa via Niguma, Sukhasiddhi and Kyungpo Naljor.[4] 17th karmapa Ogyen Trinjle Dorje has been granted the Dominican citizenship, a Caribbean island country in December 2018. Also he has been granted multiple visa free entry to different common wealth countries. Sakya{{Main|Sakya}}The "Grey Earth" school represents the scholarly tradition. Headed by the Sakya Trizin, this tradition was founded by Khön Könchok Gyelpo ({{bo|w='khon dkon mchog rgyal po}}, 1034–1102), a disciple of the great lotsāwa Drogmi Shākya ({{bo|w=brog mi lo tsā wa ye shes}}) and traces its lineage to the mahasiddha Virūpa.[4] A renowned exponent, Sakya Pandita (1182–1251CE), was the great-grandson of Khön Könchok Gyelpo. Gelug{{Main|Gelug}}The "Way of Virtue" school was originally a reformist movement and is known for its emphasis on logic and debate. The order was founded in the 14th to 15th century by Je Tsongkhapa, renowned for both his scholarship and virtue. Its spiritual head is the Ganden Tripa. Jonang{{Main|Jonang}}The Jonang is a minor school that branched off from Sakya traditions; it was suppressed in 1650 in Gelug-controlled regions and subsequently banned and its monks and nuns converted to the Gelug school in 1658. The Jonang re-established their religio-political center in Golok, Nakhi and Mongol areas in Kham and Amdo centered at Dzamthang Monastery and have continued practicing uninterrupted to this day. An estimated 5,000 monks and nuns of the Jonang tradition practice today in these areas and at the edges of historic Gelug influence. However, their teachings were limited to these regions until the Rimé movement of the 19th century encouraged the study of non-Gelug schools of thought and practice.[7] In modern times has been encouraged to grow by the 14th Dalai Lama, who installed the 9th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu as its head. Notes1. ^1 Introductory Comparison of the Five Tibetan Traditions of Buddhism and Bon, http://www.berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/study/comparison_buddhist_traditions/tibetan_traditions/intro_compar_5_traditions_buddhism_bon.html, Retrieved 31.07.2013 2. ^http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=The_four_main_schools_of_Tibetan_Buddhism, retrieved 31.07.2013 3. ^[fpmt.org Getting to know the Four Schools of Tibetan Buddhism](https://fpmt.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2007/10/getting_to_know_the_four_schools_of_tibetan_buddhism.pdf) 4. ^1 2 3 Berzin. Alexander (2000). Introductory History of the Five Tibetan Traditions of Buddhism and Bon: Berzinarchives.com 5. ^Kagyuoffice.org {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511061419/http://www.kagyuoffice.org/buddhism.nyingma.html |date=2013-05-11 }} See section: The Nine Yana Journey 6. ^{{cite book|last1=Zagpo|first1=Ven. Tsering Lama jampal|title=A Garland of Imortal Wish-fulfilling Trees: The Palyul Tradition Of Nyingmapa|date=1988|publisher=Snow Lion Publications|isbn=0-937938-64-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zxb7-4zSzyAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Garland+of+Immortal+Wish-fulfilling+Trees:+The+Palyul+Tradition+Of+Nyingmapa&hl=en&sa=X&ei=aE_IVJeUKpeyyAS66YKACQ&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=A%20Garland%20of%20Immortal%20Wish-fulfilling%20Trees%3A%20The%20Palyul%20Tradition%20Of%20Nyingmapa&f=false}} 7. ^Gruschke 2001, p.72; and A. Gruschke, "Der Jonang-Orden: Gründe für seinen Niedergang, Voraussetzungen für das Überdauern und aktuelle Lage", in: Henk Blezer (ed.), Tibet, Past and Present. Tibetan Studies I (Proceedings of the Ninth Seminar of The IATS, 2000), Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden 2002, pp. 183-214 References
1 : Tibetan Buddhism |
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