词条 | List of space launch system designs | |
释义 |
List of space launch system designs covers[1] designs and concepts for rockets, launch vehicles, spaceplanes and other vehicles for sending payloads into space. This is a list of plans, concepts, and/or proposals for launch systems such as rockets, spaceplanes and reusable launch vehicles, typically for orbiting the Earth. Plans may mature into an actual launch system, or may not be developed. 21st century
Side-mount, a non-reusable, cargo-oriented Shuttle-based launch vehicle with payload capacity (100 LEO/35-75 TLI)[3] tons for the heaviest variant, the lunar-capable vehicle (different versions with payload capacities 66, 68, 71, 81, 83 tons to LEO were also considered[4]). The vehicle is also known as Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle, High Confidence Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle, and HLV. In a picture shown at the 17 June 2009 meeting of the Review of U.S. Human Space Flight Plans Committee in Washington DC, NASA Space Shuttle Program Manager John Shannon introduced a High Confidence Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle capable of putting 104 metric tonnes to LEO.[5]
Direct's Jupiter-rocket designs studied under the DIRECT 3.0-program (started in 2006) include many versions, such as Jupiter-130 and Jupiter-246, with claimed lift capacities exceeding 60 and 90 tonnes to LEO (up to 100 tonnes with Jupiter-upper stage, and 120 with five-segment solid rocket boosters and upper stage) and the in-line-version (110 LEO/35-75 TLI).[3] Also older, DIRECT 2.0-program versions of Jupiter, like Jupiter-120 and Jupiter-232, exist.[5]
A rocket with {{convert|20227|kg}}[6] to ISS orbit. The rocket consists of Alliant Techsystems Stage I (Ares I) and EADS Astrium Stage II (Ariane 5). It will cost less than $180M[6] or less than $8,899/kg.[6]
SpaceX's first publicly released design of its Mars transportation infrastructure was the ITS launch vehicle unveiled in 2016. The payload capability was to be {{convert|550000|kg|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} in an expendable configuration (equal to the Sea Dragon) or {{convert|300000|kg|abbr=on}} in a reusable configuration.[8] In 2017, it was succeeded by BFR. 20th centuryDeveloped to hardware test of flight vehicles
Concepts and proposals
British Aircraft Corporation Multi-Unit Space Transport And Recovery Device
Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm Ballistisches Einstufiges Träger-Aggregat (BETA)[11] BETA is similar to SASSTO, and three configurations were proposed: BETA, BETA 2, and BETA 3, each with different payload weight.[11]
Smaller than "Black Horse", to launch orbital payload with a Star 48V solid rocket and in-flight refueling.[15]
A single-stage-to-orbit reusable spaceplane concept using linear aerospike-engines by NASA/Lockheed Martin. Cancelled (federal financing) in 2001. Planned payload capacity of 20,412 kg to LEO.
Unmanned reusable cargo-vehicle studied by NASA in 1984–1995. Shuttle-C was designed to use much of the then-existing STS components and infrastructure. It would have had a payload capacity to LEO 80 or 60 tons. Many later studied Shuttle-derived launch vehicles, such as the SDHLV, have taken a lot of inspiration from the Shuttle-C plans.
Larger than Shuttle-C with 4 SSME (instead of 3) for 87,500 kg (192,900 lb) to LEO.[17]
Studied in 1991 but not implemented. The medium-lift rocket NLS-2 would have had a payload capacity of 22,700 kg to LEO and the heavy-lift rocket NLS-1 would have had payload capacity of 45,400 kg to LEO.[18]
Part of Japan's Space Tourism Study Program in the 1990s
Proposed NASA design in the period 1996-2004 for a Mars expedition, but it never made it past the preliminary design phase. Planned payload capacity to LEO was 80 tons, and other versions of the rocket were designed with payload capacities between 55-94 tons to LEO.[20] Shuttle related
Saturn-related
Additional systems
Miscellaneous early designs
X-15B was a modified X-15 for spaceflight, launching on a various configurations of a SM-64 Navaho derivative or Titan I stages.[87]
See also{{portal|Spaceflight}}
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web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/n/n1-mok.html|title=N1-MOK |publisher=Astronautix.com |date= |accessdate=2011-09-29}} 84. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.buran-energia.com/energia/vulcain-vulkan-desc.php |title=Vulkan Description |publisher=Buran-energia.com |date= |accessdate=2011-09-29}} 85. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/h/hatv.html |title=HATV - ''Astronautix'' |publisher=Astronautix.com |date= |accessdate=2018-10-09 }} 86. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/n/nova.html|title=NOVA - ''Astronautix'' |publisher=Astronautix.com |date= |accessdate=2018-10-09}} 87. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/x/x-15b.html|title=X-15B - ''astronautix'' |publisher=Astronautix.com |date= |accessdate=2011-09-29}} Further reading
External links
3 : Space access|Cancelled space launch vehicles|Proposed space launch vehicles |
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