| 词条 | Shenzhou (spacecraft) |
| 释义 |
| name = Shenzhou spacecraft | image = Post S-7 Shenzhou spacecraft.png | caption = Diagram of the post-Shenzhou 7 spacecraft | manufacturer = | country = China | applications = Manned spaceflight | orbits = Low Earth | operator = CNSA | lifetime = 20 days{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} | status = In service | built = 11 | orders = | launched = 11 | operational = 0 | retired = 11 | failed = | lost = 0 | first = Shenzhou 1, 1999 | last = Shenzhou 11, 2016 | lastretired = |autoconvert = off | mass = {{convert|7840|kg}} | volume = {{convert|14.00|m3}} | power = | batteries = | equipment = | dimensions = {{convert|9.25|x|2.8|m|ft}} | crew-capacity = Three | derivedfrom =Soyuz}} Shenzhou ({{IPAc-en|'|ʃ|ɛ|n|'|dʒ|oʊ}}[1] or {{IPAc-en||ʃ|ɛ|n|'|z|u:}}; {{zh|c=神舟 |p=Shénzhōu}}) is a spacecraft developed and operated by China using Soyuz technology to support its manned spaceflight program. The name is variously translated as divine vessel,[2] divine craft,[3] or divine ship.[4] Its design resembles the Russian Soyuz spacecraft, but it is larger in size. The first launch was on November 19, 1999 and the first manned launch was on October 15, 2003. In March 2005, an asteroid was named 8256 Shenzhou in honour of the spacecraft. History{{Main|Shenzhou program}}China's first efforts at human spaceflight started in 1968 with a projected launch date of 1973.[5] Although China successfully launched an unmanned satellite in 1970, its manned spacecraft program was cancelled in 1980 due to lack of funds.[6] The Chinese manned spacecraft program was relaunched in 1992 with Project 921. The Phase One spacecraft followed the general layout of the Russian Soyuz spacecraft, with three modules that could separate for reentry. China signed a deal with Russia in 1995 for the transfer of Soyuz technology, including life support and docking systems. The Phase One spacecraft was then modified with the new Russian technology.[6] The general designer of Shenzhou-1 through Shenzhou-5 was Qi Faren (戚发轫, Apr 26, 1933 -), and from Shenzhou-6 on, the general design was turned over to Zhang Bainan (张柏楠, Jun 23, 1962 -).{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}} The first unmanned flight of the spacecraft was launched on November 19, 1999, after which Project 921/1 was renamed Shenzhou, a name reportedly{{by whom|date=July 2012}} chosen by Jiang Zemin.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} A series of three additional unmanned flights ensued. The first manned launch took place on 15 October 2003 with the Shenzhou 5 mission. The spacecraft has since become the mainstay of the Chinese manned space program, being used for both manned and unmanned missions. DesignShenzhou consists of three modules: a forward orbital module (轨道舱), a reentry module (返回舱) in the middle, and an aft service module (推进舱). This division is based on the principle of minimizing the amount of material to be returned to Earth. Anything placed in the orbital or service modules does not require heat shielding, and this increases the space available in the spacecraft without increasing weight as much as it would if those modules were also able to withstand reentry. Thus both Soyuz and Shenzhou have more living area with less weight than the Apollo CSM.
Total mass: 7,840 kg Length: 9.25 m Diameter: 2.80 m Span: 17.00 m Orbital moduleThe orbital module (轨道舱) contains space for experiments, crew-serviced or operated equipment, and in-orbit habitation. Without docking systems, Shenzhou 1–6 carried different kinds of payload on the top of their orbital modules for scientific experiments. Up until Shenzhou 8, the orbital module of the Shenzhou was equipped with its own propulsion, solar power, and control systems, allowing autonomous{{Clarify|date=November 2011}} flight. It was possible for Shenzhou to leave an orbital module in orbit for redocking with a later spacecraft, something which the Soyuz cannot do since the only hatch between orbital and reentry modules is a part of reentry module, and orbital module is depressurized after separation. In the future it is possible that the orbital module(s) could also be left behind on the planned Chinese project 921/2 space station as additional station modules. In the unmanned test flights launched to date, the orbital module of each Shenzhou was left functioning on orbit for several days after the reentry modules return, and the Shenzhou 5 orbital module continued to operate for six months after launch.
Design life: 200 days. Length: 2.80 m (9.10 ft). Basic diameter: 2.25 m (7.38 ft). Maximum diameter: 2.25 m (7.38 ft). Span: 10.40 m (34.10 ft). Habitable volume: 8.00 m³. Mass: 1,500 kg (3,300 lb). RCS Coarse No x Thrust: 16 x 5 N. RCS Propellants: Hydrazine. Electrical system: Solar panels, 12.24 m². Electric system: 0.50 average kW. Electric system: 1.20 kW. Reentry moduleThe reentry module (返回舱) is located in the middle section of the spacecraft and contains seating for the crew. It is the only portion of Shenzhou which returns to Earth's surface. Its shape is a compromise between maximizing living space while allowing for some aerodynamic control upon reentry.
Crew size: 3. Design life: 20 days. Length: 2.50 m (8.20 ft). Basic diameter: 2.52 m (8.26 ft). Maximum diameter: 2.52 m (8.26 ft). Habitable volume: 6.00 m³. Mass: 3,240 kg (7,140 lb). Heat shield mass: 450 kg (990 lb) Lift-to-drag-ratio (hypersonic): 0.30. RCS Coarse No x Thrust: 8 x 150 N. RCS Propellants: Hydrazine Service moduleThe aft service module (推进舱) contains life support and other equipment required for the functioning of Shenzhou. Two pairs of solar panels, one pair on the service module, the other pair on the orbital module, have a total area of over 40 m² (430 ft²), indicating average electrical power over 1.5 kW (Soyuz have 1.0 kW).
Design life: 20 days. Length: 2.94 m (9.65 ft). Basic diameter: 2.50 m (8.20 ft). Maximum diameter: 2.80 m (9.10 ft). Span: 17.00 m (55.00 ft). Mass: 3,000 kg (6,600 lb). RCS Coarse No x Thrust: 8 x 150 N. RCS Fine No x Thrust: 16 x 5 N. RCS Propellants: N2O4/MMH, unified system with main engine. Main engine: 4 x 2500 N. Main engine thrust: 10.000 kN (2,248 lbf). Main engine propellants: N2O4/MMH. Main engine propellants: 1,000 kg (2,200 lb). Main engine Isp: 290 sec. Electrical system: Solar panels, 24.48 + 12.24 m², 36.72 m² total. Electric system: 1.00 average kW. Electric system: 2.40 kW. Comparison with SoyuzAlthough the Shenzhou spacecraft follows the same layout as the Russian Soyuz spacecraft, it is substantially larger than Soyuz. There is enough room to carry an inflatable boat in case of a water landing, whereas Soyuz astronauts must jump into the water and swim. The commander sits in the center seat on both spacecraft. However, the copilot sits in the left seat on Shenzhou and the right seat on Soyuz.[7] In media
See also{{portal|Spaceflight|China}}{{colbegin}}
References1. ^{{cite web|title=Shenzhou pronunciation|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/shenzhou|website=Dictionary.com|accessdate=25 April 2015}} 2. ^{{cite web |title=Expedition 7 Crew Members Welcome China to Space |url=https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/iss_china.html |publisher=NASA |accessdate=17 August 2018 |date=17 October 2003}} 3. ^{{cite web |last1=Scuka |first1=Daniel |title=Tiangong-1 frequently asked questions |url=http://blogs.esa.int/rocketscience/2018/03/26/tiangong-1-frequently-asked-questions-2/ |publisher=ESA |accessdate=17 August 2018 |date=26 March 2018}} 4. ^{{cite web |title=China’s Shenzhou spacecraft – the “divine ship” |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn8146-chinas-shenzhou-spacecraft-the-divine-ship/ |publisher=New Scientist |accessdate=17 August 2018 |date=12 October 2005}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/shuuang1.htm|title=Shuguang 1|accessdate=March 4, 2009|publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|year=2009|author=Mark Wade|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714161906/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/shuuang1.htm|archivedate=July 14, 2007|df=}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.futron.com/upload/wysiwyg/Resources/Whitepapers/China_n_%20Second_Space_Age_1003.pdf|title=China and the Second Space Age|accessdate=October 6, 2011|publisher=Futron Corporation|year=2003|author=Futron Corp.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419165427/http://www.futron.com/upload/wysiwyg/Resources/Whitepapers/China_n_%20Second_Space_Age_1003.pdf|archivedate=April 19, 2012|df=}} 7. ^{{cite news |last1=Hollingham |first1=Richard |title=Why Europe’s astronauts are learning Chinese |url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20180626-why-europes-astronauts-are-learning-chinese |work=BBC Future |date=27 June 2018 |language=en}} 8. ^{{cite web|last=Kramer|first=Miriam|title=The Spaceships of 'Gravity': A Spacecraft Movie Guide for Astronauts|url=https://news.yahoo.com/spaceships-gravity-spacecraft-movie-guide-astronauts-133510136.html|website=yahoo.com|publisher=Yahoo|date=October 6, 2013|access-date=April 23, 2017}} 9. ^{{cite web|last=Lyons|first=Lauren|title=‘Gravity,’ China and the end of American Exceptionalism in outer space|url=http://spaceflightinsider.com/space-flight-news/astronauts/gravity-china-and-the-end-of-american-excepionalism-in-outer-space/|website=spaceflightinsider.com|publisher=Spaceflight Insider|date=October 19, 2003|access-date=April 23, 2017}} Further reading{{commons|Shenzhou}}
External links
2 : Crewed spacecraft|Shenzhou program |
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