| 词条 | Shortfin mako shark |
| 释义 |
| name = Shortfin mako shark | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | image = Isurus oxyrinchus by mark conlin2.JPG | genus = Isurus | species = oxyrinchus | authority = Rafinesque, 1810 | synonyms = {{collapsible list|title=click to expand |Isurus oxyrhinchus Rafinesque, 1810 |Isurus oxyrhincus Rafinesque, 1810 |Isurus oxyrhynchus Rafinesque, 1810 |Isurus spallanzani Rafinesque, 1810 |Squalus cepedii Lesson, 1831 |Isurus cepedii (Lesson, 1831) |Lamna oxyrhina Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1835 |Oxyrhina gomphodon Müller & Henle, 1839 |Oxyrhina glauca Müller & Henle, 1839 |Isuropsis glaucus (Müller & Henle, 1839) |Isurus glaucus (Müller & Henle, 1839) |Lamna glauca (Müller & Henle, 1839) |Lamna latro Owen, 1853 |Isuropsis dekayi Gill, 1862 |Carcharias tigris Atwood, 1869 |Isurus tigris (Atwood, 1869) |Lamna guentheri Murray, 1884 |Isurus guentheri (Murray, 1884) |Lamna huidobrii Philippi, 1887 |Isurus mako Whitley, 1929 |Isuropsis mako (Whitley, 1929) |Isurus bideni Phillipps, 1932 |Isurus tigris africanus Smith, 1957 |Isurus africanus Smith, 1957 |Lamna punctata (non Storer, 1839) misapplied |Isurus paucus (non Guitart Manday, 1966) misapplied }} | range_map = Isurus oxyrinchus distmap.png | range_map_caption = Distribution of Isurus oxyrinchus }} The shortfin mako shark {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɑː|k|oʊ}} (Isurus oxyrinchus), also known as the blue pointer or bonito shark, is a large mackerel shark. It is commonly referred to as the mako shark, as is the longfin mako shark (Isurus paucus).[1][2][3] The shortfin mako is on record as the fastest-swimming shark, capable of bursts of speed up to {{convert|18.8|m/s|km/h mph}}.[4] The species is classified as Endangered by the IUCN. Etymology"Mako" comes from the Māori language,[5] meaning either the shark or a shark tooth. Following the Māori language, "mako" in English is both singular and plural. The word may have originated in a dialectal variation as it is similar to the common words for shark in a number of Polynesian languages—makō in the Kāi Tahu Māori dialect,[6] mangō in other Māori dialects,[6] "mago" in Samoan, ma'o in Tahitian, and mano in Hawaiian. The first written usage is in Lee and Kendall's Grammar and vocabulary of the language of New Zealand (1820), which simply states, "Máko; A certain fish".[7][8] Richard Taylor's A leaf from the natural history of New Zealand (1848) is more elaborate: "Mako, the shark which has the tooth so highly prized by the Maoris".[9] In 1809, Constantine Rafinesque gave the shortfin mako the scientific name Isurus oxyrinchus (isurus means "the same tail", oxyrinchus means "pointy snout"). DescriptionThe shortfin mako shark is a fairly large species of shark. Growth rates appear to be somewhat accelerated in comparison to other species in the lamnid family.[12] An average adult specimen measures around {{convert|3.2|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length and weighs from {{convert|60|-|135|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. The species is sexually dimorphic, with females typically larger than males. Large specimens are known, with a few large, mature females exceeding a length of {{convert|3.8|m|ft|abbr=on}} and a weight of {{convert|570|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.[10] The largest taken on hook-and-line was {{convert|600|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, caught off the coast of California on June 3, 2013,[11] and the longest verified length was {{convert|4.45|m|ft|abbr=on}} caught off the Mediterranean coast of France in September 1973. A specimen caught off the coast of Italy and examined in an Italian fish market in 1881 was reported to weigh an extraordinary {{convert|1000|kg|lb|abbr=on}} at a length of {{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}}.[12] Yet another fish was caught off Marmaris, Turkey in the late 1950's at an estimated size of between 5.77 m (18.9 ft) and 6.19 m (20.3 ft) making it the largest known specimen of the species.[13] However, this estimate was created using photos of the shark and not at the time of capture so this estimate must be taken with reasonable caution. The authors did not estimate a weight for this specimen. The shortfin mako shark is cylindrical in shape, with a vertically elongated tail. This species exhibits countershading, with brilliant metallic blue coloration dorsally and white ventrally. The line of demarcation between blue and white on the body is distinct. The underside of the snout and the area around the mouth are white. Larger specimens tend to possess darker coloration that extends onto parts of the body that would be white in smaller individuals. The juvenile mako differs in that it has a clear blackish stain on the tip of the snout. The longfin mako shark very much resembles the shortfin mako shark, but has larger pectoral fins, dark rather than pale coloration around the mouth and larger eyes. The presence of only one lateral keel on the tail and the lack of lateral cusps on the teeth distinguish the mako from the closely related porbeagle sharks of the genus Lamna. EcologyRange and habitatThe shortfin mako inhabits offshore temperate and tropical seas worldwide.[14] The closely related longfin mako shark is found in the Gulf Stream or warmer offshore waters. (For ex. New Zealand and Maine.) It is a pelagic species that can be found from the surface to depths of {{convert|150|m|ft|abbr=on}}, normally far from land, though occasionally closer to shore, around islands or inlets.[18] One of the very few known endothermic sharks, it is seldom found in waters colder than 16 °C (61 °F).[15] In the western Atlantic, it can be found from Argentina and the Gulf of Mexico to Browns Bank off of Nova Scotia. In Canadian waters, these sharks are neither abundant nor rare. Swordfish are good indicators of shortfin mako populations, as the former are a source of food and prefer similar environmental conditions.[16] Shortfin mako sharks travel long distances to seek prey or mates. In December 1998, a female tagged off California was captured in the central Pacific by a Japanese research vessel, meaning this fish traveled over {{convert|1725|mi|km|abbr=on}}. Another specimen swam {{convert|1322|mi|km|abbr=on}} in 37 days, averaging {{convert|36|mi|km|abbr=on}} a day.[21] FeedingThe shortfin mako shark feeds mainly upon cephalopods and bony fish including mackerels, tunas, bonitos, and swordfish, but it may also eat other sharks, porpoises, sea turtles, and seabirds. They hunt by lunging vertically up and tearing off chunks of their preys' flanks and fins. Mako swim below their prey, so they can see what is above and have a high probability of reaching prey before it notices. In Ganzirri and Isola Lipari, Sicily, shortfin mako have been found with amputated swordfish bills impaled into their head and gills, suggesting swordfish seriously injure and likely kill them. In addition, this location, and the late spring and early summer timing, corresponding to the swordfish's spawning cycle, suggests they hunt while the swordfish are most vulnerable, typical of many predators.[17] Shortfin mako sharks consume 3% of their weight each day and take about 1.5–2.0 days to digest an average-sized meal. By comparison, the sandbar shark, an inactive species, consumes 0.6% of its weight a day and takes 3 to 4 days to digest it. An analysis of the stomach contents of 399 male and female mako sharks ranging from {{convert|67|-|328|cm|abbr=on}} suggest mako from Cape Hatteras to the Grand Banks prefer bluefish, constituting 77.5% of their diet by volume. The average capacity of the stomach was 10% of the total weight. Shortfin mako sharks consumed 4.3% to 14.5% of the available bluefish between Cape Hatteras and Georges Bank.[18] Shortfin mako sharks over {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} have interior teeth considerably wider and flatter than smaller mako, which enables them to prey effectively upon dolphins, swordfish, and other sharks.[19] An amateur videotape, taken in Pacific waters, shows a moribund pantropical spotted dolphin whose tail was almost completely severed being circled by a shortfin mako. Mako also tend to scavenge long-lined and netted fish.[20] Its endothermic constitution partly accounts for its relatively great speed.[21] Like other lamnid sharks, the shortfin mako shark has a heat-exchange circulatory system that allows the shark to be 7–10 °F (4–7 °C) warmer than the surrounding water. This system enables them to maintain a stable, very high level of activity,[22] giving it an advantage over its cold-blooded prey.[23] BehaviorThe shortfin mako is the fastest species of shark.[10] Its speed has been recorded at {{convert|40|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, with bursts of up to {{convert|74|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}[24] allowing it to jump to heights of approximately {{convert|9|m|ft|abbr=on}}. These characteristics have made the shortfin mako a highly sought-after game fish worldwide. Some cases of shortfin mako jumping into a boat after having been hooked have been reported.[25] Life historyReproductionThe shortfin mako shark is a yolk-sac ovoviviparous shark, giving birth to live young. Developing embryos feed on unfertilized eggs (oophagy) within the uterus during the 15- to 18-month gestation period. They do not engage in sibling cannibalism unlike the sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus). The four to 18 surviving young are born live in the late winter and early spring at a length of about {{convert|70|cm|abbr=on}}. Females may rest for 18 months after birth before mating again. Shortfin mako sharks bear young on average every three years.[26] LifespanShortfin mako sharks, as with most other sharks, are aged by sectioning vertebrae — one of the few bony structures in sharks — and counting growth bands. The age of shortfin mako, and therefore important parameters, such as age at sexual maturity and longevity, were severely underestimated until 2006 (e.g. claims of sexual maturity at 4–6 years, claims of longevity as low as 11 years), because of a poorly supported belief that shortfin mako sharks deposited two growth bands per year in their vertebrae. This belief was overturned by a landmark study which proved that shortfin mako sharks only deposit one band in their vertebrae per year, as well as providing validated ages for numerous specimens.[27] Natanson et al. (2006) aged 258 shortfin mako specimens and recorded:
Similar, validated age findings were made (median age at maturity in males 7–9 years, median age at maturity in females 19–21 years, longevity estimates 29 years and 28 years respectively) in New Zealand waters.[28] Due to this error, fishery management models and ecological risk assessment models in use around the world were underestimating both the longevity and the age at sexual maturity in shortfin mako sharks, particularly in females, by two-thirds or more (i.e. 6 years versus 18+ years), and some of these inaccurate models remain in use. IntelligenceOf all studied sharks, the shortfin mako has one of the largest brain:body ratios. This large brain size prompted New Zealand Sealife Australia and New Zealand senior curator Craig Thorburn of Auckland, New Zealand, and film-maker Mike Bhana to investigate the intelligence of the mako. From tests involving shape differentiation to electroreception tests and individual recognition, Isuru Somawardana and his team of shark experts discovered mako are fast-learning sharks, able to determine whether or not the researchers were threatening. The sharks involved in the study (while never the same individuals) after initial caution showed unique and never before seen behaviors, such as refusing to roll back their eyes during feeding and allowing themselves to be briefly restrained and touched while being offered bait. Shortfin mako also do not rely on electroreception when hunting, unlike the great white shark, based on tests involving wired fiberglass fish designed to emit weak electrical signals resembling real fish of similar size. Instead, they rely on smell, hearing, and most prominently, vision. The results of this research were featured on a documentary presented by Shark Week in 1999 called " Mako: Swift, Smart & Deadly".[29] Fishing for sportMako fishing is a predominant activity around the world. As one of the fastest species in the water they offer acrobatic flips, fast runs, and heavy fights that entertain anglers. Traditionally the sharks are hooked through the use of chum and baitcasters. However fly fishing for them has become more popular, particularly in San Diego, where one of the 3 known worldwide mako rookeries is located. A cottage industry of fishing in this rookery has emerged, specifically catch and release with charter operations out of Mission Bay.[30] For many years the mass commercial boats hunted them for restaurant catch but through the efforts of many local fishing companies and national organizations such as Orvis this has been curbed.[31] CaptivityOf all recorded attempts to keep pelagic shark species in captivity, the shortfin mako shark has fared the poorest, even more so than the oceanic whitetip shark, the blue shark, and the great white shark. The current record is held by a specimen kept at the New Jersey Aquarium for only five days in 2001. Like past attempts at keeping Isurus in captivity, the animal appeared strong on arrival, but had trouble negotiating the walls of the aquarium, refused to feed, quickly weakened, and died.[32] Attacks on humansISAF statistics records 9 shortfin attacks on humans between 1580 and 2017, one of which was fatal, along with 20 boat attacks.[33] This mako is regularly blamed for attacks on humans and, due to its speed, power, and size, it is certainly capable of injuring and killing people. However, this species will not generally attack humans and does not seem to treat them as prey. Most modern attacks involving shortfin mako sharks are considered to have been provoked due to harassment or the shark being caught on a fishing line.[34] Sharks can be attracted to spear fishermen carrying a stuck fish, and may slap them with cavitation bubbles from a swift tail flick. Divers who have encountered shortfin mako note, prior to an attack, they swim in a figure-eight pattern and approach with mouths open.[34]ConservationThe shortfin mako is currently classified as Endangered by the IUCN, having been uplisted from Vulnerable in 2019 and Near threatened in 2007.[35][1] The species is being targeted by both sport and commercial fisheries, and there is a substantial proportion of bycatch in driftnet fisheries for other species.[1] In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the shortfin mako shark as "Not Threatened" with the qualifier "Uncertain whether Secure Overseas" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.[36] In 2019, the shortfin mako was reclassified by the IUCN from being listed as "Vulnerable" to "Endangered" after a review of 58 elasmobranch species.[37] World recordThe largest Mako ever recorded was caught in June 2013 off Huntington Beach, California. Its dimensions were 3.73 m (12.2 feet) long, 2.44 m circumference shortfin mako shark, and weighing 600 kg (1,323 lb). A certified weigh master called it a world record.[11] See also{{Portal|Sharks}}
References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal | authors = Rigby, C.L., Barreto, R., Carlson, J., Fernando, D., Fordham, S., Francis, M.P., Jabado, R.W., Liu, K.M., Marshall, A., Pacoureau, N., Romanov, E., Sherley, R.B. & Winker, H.| title = Isurus oxyrinchus | journal = IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume= 2019 | page = e.T39341A2903170 | publisher = IUCN | year = 2019| url = https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39341/2903170| accessdate = 23 March 2019 }} 2. ^{{ITIS |id=159924 |taxon=Isurus oxyrinchus |accessdate=23 January 2006}} 3. ^{{FishBase | genus = Isurus | species = oxyrinchus | month = May | year = 2006}} 4. ^Graham, J. B., DeWar, H., Lai, N. C., Lowell, W. R., & Arce, S. M. (1990). Aspects of shark swimming performance determined using a large water tunnel. 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Retrieved on 2012-08-22. 11. ^1 {{cite web|title=1,323-pound shark caught off coast of Huntington Beach|url=http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=news/local/orange_county&id=9127698|publisher=KABC TV|accessdate=6 June 2013}} 12. ^Kabasakal, H. and De Maddalena, A. (2011) A huge shortfin mako shark Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810 (Chondrichthyes: Lamnidae) from the waters of Marmaris, Turkey {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205529/http://www.zrs.upr.si/media/uploads/files/kabasakal(4).pdf |date=2014-01-04 }}. Annales, Series Historia Naturalis, 21 (1): 21–24 13. ^{{Cite journal|last=Kabasakal|first=Hakan|date=January 2011|title=A Huge Shortfin Mako Isurus oxyrinchus rafinesque, 1810 (Chondrichthyes: Lamnidae) From the Waters of Marmaris, Turkey|url=http://elasmollet.org/PublicationsOthers/Kabasakal%20&%20De%20Maddalena%20(2011).pdf|journal=Annales|volume=|pages=21–24|via=research gate}} 14. ^{{Cite book|title=The fishes of New Zealand|last=Roberts|first=Clive|last2=Stewart|first2=A. L.|last3=Struthers|first3=Carl D.|last4=Barker|first4=Jeremy|last5=Kortet|first5=Salme|last6=Freeborn|first6=Michelle|publisher=Te Papa Press|year=2015|isbn=9780994104168|volume=2|location=Wellington, New Zealand|pages=72|oclc=908128805}} 15. ^{{cite news | title= Shortfin Mako sharks(Isurus oxyrinchus) | date=29 August 2005| publisher=Shark Foundation / Hai-Stiftung | url =http://www.shark.ch/Database/Search/species.html?sh_id=1027 | accessdate = 18 November 2008}} 16. ^{{cite news | first=Steven | last=Campana | author2=Warren Joyce | author3=Zoey Zahorodny | title=Shortfin Mako | date=2 October 2008 | publisher=The Canadian Shark Research Laboratory | url=http://www.marinebiodiversity.ca/shark/english/skull6.htm | archive-url=https://archive.is/20120529184135/http://www.marinebiodiversity.ca/shark/english/skull6.htm | dead-url=yes | archive-date=29 May 2012 | work= | pages= | accessdate=2008-11-16 }} 17. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://sharks-med.netfirms.com/med/mako.htm |title=The Shark Gallery – Shortfin Mako Shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) |publisher="The Shark Trust" |accessdate=2008-10-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714165639/http://sharks-med.netfirms.com/med/mako.htm |archivedate=2011-07-14 |df= }} 18. ^{{cite journal|title=Food, Feeding Habits, and Estimates of Daily Ration of the Shortfin Mako (Isurus oxyrinchus ) in the Northwest Atlantic.|journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences|year=1982|volume=39|issue=3|pages=407–414|id=|url=http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=226343&q=Shortfin+mako&uid=793124504&setcookie=yes|format=|accessdate=2008-11-04|doi=10.1139/f82-058|last1=Stillwell|first1=C.E.|last2=Kohler|first2=N.E.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520051349/http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=226343&q=Shortfin+mako&uid=793124504&setcookie=yes|archivedate=2011-05-20|df=}} 19. ^1 {{cite news |author=R. Aidan Martin|title=Open Ocean: the Blue DesertShortfin Mako | year=2003 | publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research | url =http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/ecology/ocean-mako.htm| accessdate = 2008-11-14}} 20. ^{{cite news | first=Ian | last=Fergusson | title=Shortfin Mako Shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) | url=http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/sharktrust/mako.shtml | accessdate=2008-11-18 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202130005/http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/sharktrust/mako.shtml | archivedate=2009-02-02 | df= }} 21. ^{{cite news | first=Nancy | last=Passarelli |author2=Craig Knickle |author3=Kristy DiVittorio | title=SHORTFIN MAKO | publisher=Florida Museum of Natural History | url =http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/ShortfinMako/Shortfinmako.html| accessdate = 2008-10-06 }} 22. ^{{cite news | first=M |last=McGrouther | title=Shortfin Mako | date=May 2007 | publisher=Australian Museum | url =http://www.australianmuseum.net.au/fishes/fishfacts/fish/ioxyrinchus.htm | accessdate = 15 November 2008}} 23. ^{{cite news | first= | last= | title=Shortfin Mako Shark | date=October 30, 2007 | publisher=2008 Discovery Communications, LLC | url=http://dsc.discovery.com/sharks/shortfin-mako-shark.html | accessdate=2008-11-04 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925231641/http://dsc.discovery.com/sharks/shortfin-mako-shark.html | archivedate=September 25, 2008 | df= }} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/shark_profiles/i_oxyrinchus.htm|title=Biology of the Shortfin Mako|publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research|accessdate=2006-08-12|author=R. Aidan Martin}} 25. ^{{cite web|title=Monstrous mako shark hops on boat, gets itself stuck, dramatic video shows|url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/07/28/monstrous-mako-shark-hops-on-boat-gets-itself-stuck-dramatic-video-shows.html|website=Fox News|publisher=Fox News|accessdate=28 July 2017|date=2017-07-28}} 26. ^{{cite book | last = Last | first = PR |author2=Stevens JD | title = Sharks and Rays of Australia | edition = Second | publisher = CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) | year = 2012 | location = Australia | isbn = 978-0-643-09457-4}} 27. ^{{Cite journal |last = Natanson |first = L.J. |author2 = Kohler, N.E. |author3 = Ardizzone, D. |author4 = Cailliet, G.M. |author5 = Wintner, S.P. |author6 = Mollet, H.F. |title = Validated age and growth estimates for the shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrhinchus, in the North Atlantic Ocean. |journal = Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume = 77 |issue = 3–4 |pages = 367–383 |year = 2006 |url = http://na.nefsc.noaa.gov/sharks/refpdfs/Natanson%20et%20al%202006.pdf |doi = 10.1007/s10641-006-9127-z |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100527141537/http://na.nefsc.noaa.gov//sharks/refpdfs/Natanson%20et%20al%202006.pdf |archivedate = 2010-05-27 |df = }} 28. ^{{Cite journal | last = Bishop | first = S.D.H. |author2=Francis, M.P. |author3=Duffy, C. |author4=Montgomery, J.C. | title = Age, growth, maturity, longevity and natural mortality of the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) in New Zealand waters | journal = Marine and Freshwater Research | volume = 57 | issue = 2 | pages = 143–154 | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1071/MF05077}} 29. ^{{Cite web | url=https://www.nzgeo.com/video/mako-swift-smart-deadly/ | title=Mako — Swift, Smart & Deadly}} 30. ^http://www.theflystop.com/san-diego-fly-shop-fishing-guide-charter/california-mako-shark 31. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.orvis.com/fishing_report.aspx?locationid=7394 | title=San Diego Offshore | California Fly Fishing Reports & Conditions}} 32. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20070423224849/http://homepage.mac.com/MOLLET/ Elasmobranch Research around Monterey Bay] 33. ^ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark. Flmnh.ufl.edu (2012-01-30). Retrieved on 2012-08-22. 34. ^1 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070714204605/http://www.marinebio.org/species.asp?id=36 Isurus oxyrinchus Shortfin Mako Shark].marinebio.org 35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iucn.org/media/news_releases/?103/More-oceanic-sharks-added-to-the-IUCN-Red-List|title=More oceanic sharks added to the IUCN Red List|publisher=IUCN|website=IUCN.org|date=2007-02-21}} 36. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/nztcs23entire.pdf|title=Conservation status of New Zealand chondrichthyans (chimaeras, sharks and rays), 2016|last=Duffy|first=Clinton A. J.|last2=Francis|first2=Malcolm|last3=Dunn|first3=M. R.|last4=Finucci|first4=Brit|last5=Ford|first5=Richard|last6=Hitchmough|first6=Rod|last7=Rolfe|first7=Jeremy|publisher=Department of Conservation|year=2018|isbn=9781988514628|location=Wellington, New Zealand|pages=10|oclc=1042901090}} 37. ^https://oceanforsharks.wordpress.com/2019/03/23/the-iucn-announced-conservation-status-update-on-58-elasmobranch-species-including-the-shortfin-mako/?fbclid=IwAR06Onylq0A0F2ZUAeezduQT7gCNqs7EvV5bRGaJMbbeUzUGBNrfG-HJ8ZU External links{{Wikispecies|Isurus oxyrinchus}}{{Commons category|Isurus oxyrinchus}}
9 : Isurus|Fish of Israel|Ovoviviparous fish|Seafood red list|Fish of the Atlantic Ocean|Fish described in 1810|Species endangered by use as food|Species endangered by sport fishing and hunting|Fish of Cuba |
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