“Attila József”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Attila József ({{IPA-hu|ˈɒtillɒ ˈjoːʒɛf|lang}}; 11 April 1905 – 3 December 1937) was a Hungarian poet of the 20th century.

Biography

The son of Áron József - a soap factory worker of Székely and Romanian origin from Banat - and a Hungarian peasant girl with Cuman ancestry - Borbála Pőcze - was born in Ferencváros, a poor district of Budapest.^[1] He had two elder sisters: Eta and Jolán. When Attila József was three years old he was sent to live with foster parents after his father abandoned the family and his mother became ill. Because the name Attila was not well known at the time, his foster parents called him Pista.^[2]

His mother died in 1919, aged only 43. After this, he was looked after by Ödön Makai, his brother-in-law, who was relatively wealthy and could pay for his education in a good secondary school. Later he applied to the Franz Joseph University – his dream was to become a secondary school teacher – but he was soon turned out when a man named Antal Horger determined he was unfit for teaching because of a provocative poem he had written (With All My Heart).

From this point on, he tried to support himself from the little money he earned by publishing his poems. He started showing signs of schizophrenia, and was treated by psychiatrists (now he probably would be diagnosed with borderline personality disorder).^[3] He never married and only had a small number of affairs, but frequently fell in love with the women who were treating him.

He died on 3 December 1937, aged 32, at Balatonszárszó, where he was staying at the house of his sister and brother-in-law. Crawling through the railway tracks, he was crushed by a starting train. There is a memorial to him not far from the spot where he died. The most widely accepted view is that he committed suicide, but some experts say that his death was by accident.^[4]

Poetry

Attila József is the best known of the modern Hungarian poets internationally. His poems have been translated into many languages and he is taught in world literature classes around the globe. Hailed during the communist era of the 1950s as Hungary's great "proletarian poet", his life, personality, and works are now being re-evaluated with the current celebrations of the centenary of his birth.^[5]

His first volume of poetry was A szépség koldusa (1922) (Beauty's beggar); at that time he was 17 and still in school. József studied privately for a year, and then entered the Franz Joseph University in 1924 to study Hungarian and French literature. With the help of a maecenas, Lajos Hatvany, he acquired a good education in Austria (1925) and Paris (1926–27), where he studied French literature and discovered the work of François Villon, the famous poet and thief from the 15th-century.

In 1925 József published his second collection of poems, Nem én kiáltok (It's not me who shouts). He was expelled from the university because of a revolutionary poem, Tiszta szívvel (With clear heart). With his manuscripts he traveled to Vienna, where he made a living by selling newspapers and cleaning dormitories, and then to Paris, where he studied at the Sorbonne. During this period he read Hegel and Karl Marx, whose call for revolution appealed to him.

József's works were praised by such internationally known Hungarian researchers and critics as Béla Balázs and György Lukács. In 1927 several French magazines published József's poems.

József's third collection of poems, Nincsen apám se anyám (1929) (I have nor father nor mother), showed the influence of French surrealism and Hungarian poets Endre Ady, Gyula Juhász and Lajos Kassák. The next year József joined the illegal Communist Party of Hungary (KMP). Döntsd a tőkét (Blow down the block/capital) (1931) was confiscated by the public prosecutor and in 1931 József's essay Literature and Socialism (Irodalom és szocializmus) led to indictment. However, in 1934, he was excluded from Hungarian Communist Party due to an unknown reason.

Publications

Original works

Published posthumously

English translations

Tributes

References

1. ^[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2gBjAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Cuman Attila József: "Can you take on this awesome life?"]
2. ^{{cite book|last=Garai|first=Laszlo|title=Reconsidering Identity Economics: Human Well-Being and Governance|date=2017|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|isbn=978-1-137-52560-4|page=8}}
3. ^{{cite book|last=Meszaros|first=Judit|title=Ferenczi and Beyond|date=2014|publisher=Karnac Books|isbn=978-1-78220-000-0|page=80}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.blikk.hu/cikk.php?cikk=21488 |publisher=blikk.hu |accessdate=3 December 2009 |language=Hungarian |title=József Attila halálát balesetnek látta a szemtanú |date=10 April 2005 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206132808/http://www.blikk.hu/cikk.php?cikk=21488 |archivedate=6 December 2008 |df=dmy }}
5. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.budapestsun.com/full_story.asp?ArticleId=%7BBD8241C36AEB411C9F40254147F597D7%7D&From=Style|title='Beautiful but awful' verse|publisher=Budapest Sun|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060529044730/http://www.budapestsun.com/full_story.asp?ArticleId=%7BBD8241C36AEB411C9F40254147F597D7%7D&From=Style |archivedate=29 May 2006 |accessdate=1 July 2013}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mathstat.dal.ca/~lukacs/ja/poems2/jozsef-eng.htm#18|title=Attila József – Poems |publisher=Danubia Book Company|location=London|editor-first=Thomas |editor-last=Kabdero|accessdate=3 December 2009|year=1966}}
7. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/jozsef.htm |title=Attila József |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=Kuusankoski Public Library |location=Finland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620070222/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/jozsef.htm |archivedate=20 June 2006 |dead-url=yes }}
8. ^{{cite web |title=Károlyi József Alapítvány - Fehérvárcsurgó |url=https://www.karolyi.org.hu/ |website=www.karolyi.org.hu}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.myspace.com/thepartywebsite|title="With All My Heart" by The Party|publisher=myspace.com|accessdate=3 December 2009|author=The Party}}
10. ^colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/179869-Attila_József_1905-1937_poet-Hungarian_Freedom_Fighters-Hungary. Michel HU 980, Stamp Number HU 825, Yvert et Tellier HU 867.
11. ^colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/178532-Attila_József_1905-1937_poet-Poets-Hungary. Michel HU 1448, Stamp Number HU 1139, Yvert et Tellier HU 1181.
12. ^colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/174009-Attila_József_Hungarian_poet_and_lyricist-Personalities-Hungary. Michel HU 3427A, Stamp Number HU 2646, Yvert et Tellier HU 2725, AFA number HU 3324.
13. ^colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/148290-Attila_József-People-Hungary. Michel HU 5018, Stamp Number HU 3928, Yvert et Tellier HU 4059, AFA number HU 4903.