| 词条 | Middle Tamil language |
| 释义 |
|name=Middle Tamil |nativename= |pronunciation= |era=Developed into Modern Tamil by the 16th century |familycolor=Dravidian |fam2 = Southern |fam3 = Tamil–Kannada |fam4 = Tamil–Kodagu |fam5 = Tamil–Malayalam |fam6 = Tamil languages |ancestor = Old Tamil |script = Tamil alphabet |isoexception=historical |glotto=none }} The evolution of Old Tamil into Middle Tamil, which is generally taken to have been completed by the 8th century,[1] was characterised by a number of phonological and grammatical changes. In phonological terms, the most important shifts were the virtual disappearance of the aytam (ஃ), an old phoneme,[2] the coalescence of the alveolar and dental nasals,[3] and the transformation of the alveolar plosive into a rhotic.[4] In grammar, the most important change was the emergence of the present tense. The present tense evolved out of the verb {{IAST|kil}} ({{lang|ta|கில்}}), meaning "to be possible" or "to befall". In Old Tamil, this verb was used as an aspect marker to indicate that an action was micro-durative, non-sustained or non-lasting, usually in combination with a time marker such as {{IAST|ṉ}} ({{lang|ta|ன்}}). In Middle Tamil, this usage evolved into a present tense marker – {{IAST|kiṉṟa}} ({{lang|ta|கின்ற}}) – which combined the old aspect and time markers.[5] From the period of the Pallava dynasty onwards, a number of Sanskrit loan-words entered Tamil, particularly in relation to political, religious and philosophical concepts.[6] Sanskrit also influenced Tamil grammar, in the increased use of cases and in declined nouns becoming adjuncts of verbs,[7] and phonology. The forms of writing in Tamil have developed through years.[8] The Tamil script also changed in the period of Middle Tamil. Tamil Brahmi and Vaṭṭeḻuttu, into which it evolved, were the main scripts used in Old Tamil inscriptions. From the 8th century onwards, however, the Pallavas began using a new script, derived from the Pallava Grantha script which was used to write Sanskrit, which eventually replaced Vaṭṭeḻuttu.[9] Middle Tamil is attested in a large number of inscriptions, and in a significant body of secular and religious literature.[10] These include the religious poems and songs of the Bhakti poets, such as the Tēvāram verses on Shaivism and Nālāyira Tivya Pirapantam on Vaishnavism,[11] and adaptations of religious legends such as the 12th century Tamil Ramayana composed by Kamban and the story of 63 shaivite devotees known as Periyapurāṇam.[12] Iraiyaṉār Akapporuḷ, an early treatise on love poetics, and Naṉṉūl, a 12th-century grammar that became the standard grammar of literary Tamil, are also from the Middle Tamil period.[13] There is a famous saying {{cquote|" திருவாசகத்துக்கு உருகார் ஒரு வாசகத்திற்கும் உருகார்"}} translating to "He whose heart is not melted by Thiruvasagam cannot be melted by any vasagam(saying)".[14] The Thiruvasagam is composed by Manikkavasagar References1. ^{{Harvnb|Lehmann|1998|pp=75–76}} 2. ^{{Harvnb|Kuiper|1958|p=194}} 3. ^{{Harvnb|Meenakshisundaran|1965|pp=132–133}} 4. ^{{Harvnb|Kuiper|1958|pp=213–215}} 5. ^{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/601707| jstor = 601707| title = The Duration of an Action-Real or Aspectual? The Evolution of the Present Tense in Tamil| journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society| volume = 105| issue = 2| pages = 277| year = 1985| last1 = Rajam | first1 = V. S.}} at pp. 284–285 6. ^{{Harvnb|Meenakshisundaran|1965|pp=173–174}} 7. ^{{Harvnb|Meenakshisundaran|1965|pp=153–154}} 8. ^{{Harvnb|Meenakshisundaran|1965|pp=145–146}} 9. ^{{Harvnb|Mahadevan|2003|pp=208–213}} 10. ^{{Harvnb|Meenakshisundaran|1965|p=119}} 11. ^{{Harvnb|Varadarajan|1988}} 12. ^{{Harvnb|Varadarajan|1988|pp=155–157}} 13. ^{{Harvnb|Zvelebil|1992|p=227}} 14. ^Macdonell 1994, p. 219 3 : Tamil language|Languages attested from the 8th century|8th-century establishments in Asia |
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