“Augustus Saint-Gaudens”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Augustus Saint-Gaudens ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|eɪ|n|t|ˈ|g|ɔː|d|ə|n|z}}; March 1, 1848 – August 3, 1907) was an American sculptor of the Beaux-Arts generation who embodied the ideals of the American Renaissance.^[2] Raised in New York City, he traveled to Europe for further training and artistic study, and then returned to New York, where he achieved major critical success for his monuments commemorating heroes of the American Civil War, many of which still stand. In addition to his works such as the Robert Gould Shaw Memorial on Boston Common, and the outstanding grand equestrian monuments to Civil War Generals, John A. Logan in Chicago's Grant Park,^[3] and William Tecumseh Sherman, at the corner of New York's Central Park.

Saint-Gaudens also created Classical works such as the Diana, and employed his skills in numismatics. Most notably, he designed the $20 "double eagle" gold piece (1905–1907) for the US Mint, considered one of the most beautiful American coins ever issued^[4] as well as the $10 "Indian Head" gold eagle, both of which were minted from 1907 until 1933. In his later years he founded the "Cornish Colony", an artistic colony that included notable painters, sculptors, writers, and architects. His brother Louis Saint-Gaudens, with whom he occasionally collaborated, was also a well-known sculptor.

Early life and career

Saint-Gaudens was born in Dublin to a French father, Bernard Paul Ernest Saint-Gaudens, a shoemaker by trade from a small village in the French Pyrenees, Aspet, 15 kilometers from Saint-Gaudens, and an Irish mother. He was raised in New York after his parents immigrated to America when he was six months of age.

In 1861, he became an apprentice to a cameo-cutter, Louis Avet, and took evening art classes at the Cooper Union in New York City.^[5] Two years later, he was hired as an apprentice of Jules Le Brethon, another cameo cutter, and enrolled at the National Academy of Design.^[6]^[7] At age 19, his apprenticeship was completed and he traveled to Paris in 1867, where he studied in the atelier of François Jouffroy at the École des Beaux-Arts.^[8]

In 1870, he left Paris for Rome to study art and architecture, and worked on his first commissions. There he met a deaf American art student, Augusta Fisher Homer, whom he married on June 1, 1877.^[9] The couple had one child, a son named Homer Saint-Gaudens.

In 1874, Edwards Pierrepont, a prominent New York reformer, hired Saint-Gaudens to create a marble bust of himself.^[10] Pierrepont, a phrenologist, proved to be a demanding client, insisting that Saint-Gaudens make his head larger.^[10] Saint-Gaudens said that Pierrepont's bust "seemed to be affected with some dreadful swelling disease" and he later told a friend that he would "give anything to get hold of that bust and smash it to atoms".^[10]

In 1876, he won a commission for a bronze David Farragut Memorial. He rented a studio at 49 rue Notre Dame des Champs.^[11] Stanford White designed the pedestal. It was unveiled on May 25, 1881, in Madison Square Park.^[12] He collaborated with Stanford White again in 1892–94 when he created Diana as a weather vane for the second Madison Square Garden building in New York City; a second version used is now in the collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art,^[13] with several reduced versions in museums including the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. The statue stood on a 300-foot-high tower, making Diana the highest point in the city. It was also the first statue in that part of Manhattan to be lit at night by electricity. The statue and its tower was a landmark until 1925 when the building was demolished.^[14]

In New York, he was a member of the Tilers, a group of prominent artists and writers, including Winslow Homer (his wife's fourth cousin), William Merritt Chase and Arthur Quartley. He was also a member of the Salmagundi Club in New York.

Civil War commemorative commissions

In 1876, Saint-Gaudens received his first major commission: a monument to Civil War Admiral David Farragut, in New York's Madison Square; his friend Stanford White designed an architectural setting for it, and when it was unveiled in 1881, its naturalism, its lack of bombast and its siting combined to make it a tremendous success, and Saint-Gaudens' reputation was established.

The commissions followed fast, including the colossal Standing Lincoln in Lincoln Park, Chicago in a setting by architect White, 1884–1887, considered the finest portrait statue in the United States (a replica was placed at Lincoln's tomb in Springfield, Illinois, and another stands in Parliament Square, London), and a long series of memorials, funerary monuments and busts, including the Adams Memorial, the Peter Cooper Monument, and the John A. Logan Monument.

Arguably the greatest of these monuments is the bronze bas-relief that forms the Robert Gould Shaw Memorial on Boston Common, 1884–1897, which Saint-Gaudens labored on for 14 years; even after the public version had been unveiled, he continued with further versions. Two grand equestrian monuments to Civil War generals are outstanding: to General John A. Logan, atop a tumulus in Chicago, 1894–1897, and to William Tecumseh Sherman at the corner of Central Park in New York, 1892–1903, the first use of Robert Treat Paine's pointing device for the accurate mechanical enlargement of sculpture models. The depictions of the African-American soldiers on the Shaw memorial is noted as a rare example of true-to-life, non-derogatory, depictions of Afro-ancestral physical characteristics in 19th-century American art.^[15]

For the Lincoln Centennial in 1909, Saint-Gaudens produced another statue of the president. A seated figure, The Head of State, is in Chicago's Grant Park. Saint-Gaudens completed the design work and had begun casting the statue at the time of his death—his workshop completed it. The statue's head was used as the model for the commemorative postage stamp issued on the 100th anniversary of Lincoln's birth.^[16]

Other works

Saint-Gaudens also created the statue for the monument of Charles Stewart Parnell, which was installed at the north end of Dublin's O'Connell Street in 1911.

In 1887, when Robert Louis Stevenson made his second trip to the United States, Saint-Gaudens had the opportunity to make the preliminary sketches for a five-year project of a medallion depicting Stevenson, in very poor health at the time, propped in bed writing. With minor modifications, this medallion was reproduced for the Stevenson memorial in St. Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh. Stevenson's cousin and biographer, Graham Balfour, deemed the work "the most satisfactory of all the portraits of Stevenson". Balfour also noted that Saint-Gaudens greatly admired Stevenson and had once said he would "gladly go a thousand miles for the sake of a sitting" with him.^[2]

Saint-Gaudens was also commissioned by a variety of groups to create medals including varied commemorative themes like The Women"s Auxiliary of the Massachusetts Civil Service Reform Association Presentation Medal and the World's Columbian Exposition Medal. Such pieces stand testament to both his broad appeal and the respect that was given to him by his contemporaries.

A statue of philanthropist Robert Randall stands in the gardens of Sailors' Snug Harbor in New York. A statue of copper king Marcus Daly is at the entrance of the Montana School of Mines on the west end of Park St. in Butte, Montana. A statue of former United States Congressman and New York Governor Roswell Pettibone Flower was dedicated in 1902 in Watertown, New York.^[17]

Teacher and advisor

Saint-Gaudens' prominence brought him students, and he was an able and sensitive teacher. He tutored young artists privately, taught at the Art Students League of New York, and took on a large number of assistants. He was an artistic advisor to the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, an avid supporter of the American Academy in Rome, and part of the McMillan Commission, which brought into being L'Enfant's long-ignored master-plan for the nation's capital.

Through his career Augustus Saint-Gaudens made a specialty of intimate private portrait panels in sensitive, very low relief, which owed something to the Florentine Renaissance. It was felt he heavily influenced another Irish American sculptor, Jerome Connor.^[18]

Over the course of his long career Saint-Gaudens employed, and by doing so, trained, some of the next generation's finest sculptors. These included James Earle Fraser, Frances Grimes, Henry Hering, Charles Keck, Mary Lawrence, Frederick MacMonnies, Philip Martiny, Helen Mears, Robert Paine, Alexander Phimister Proctor, Louis Saint-Gaudens, Elsie Ward and Adolph Alexander Weinman.^[19]

New York City's PS40 is named after Saint-Gaudens.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

Coinage

Saint-Gaudens referred to his early relief portraits as "medallions" and took a great interest in the art of the coin: his $20 gold piece, the double eagle coin he designed for the US Mint, 1905–1907, though it was adapted for minting, is still considered one of the most beautiful American coins ever issued.

Chosen by Theodore Roosevelt to redesign the coinage of the nation at the beginning of the 20th century, Saint-Gaudens produced an ultra high-relief $20 gold piece that was adapted into a flattened-down version by the United States Mint. The ultra high-relief coin took up to 11 strikes to bring up the details, and only 20 or so of these coins were minted in 1907. The Ultra High Reliefs did not stack properly and were deemed unfit for commerce. They are highly sought-after today; one sold in a 2005 auction for $2,990,000.^[20] The coin was then adapted into the High relief version, which, although requiring eight fewer strikes than the Ultra High Relief coins, was still deemed impractical for commerce. 12,317 of these were minted, and are currently among the most in-demand U.S. coins. The coin was finally modified to a normal-relief version, which was minted from 1907 to 1933.^[21]

The Saint-Gaudens obverse design was reused in the American Eagle gold bullion coins that were instituted in 1986. An "ultra-high relief" $20 (24 karat) gold coin was issued by the U.S. Mint in 2009.^[22]

Later life and the Cornish Colony

Diagnosed with cancer in 1900, Saint-Gaudens decided to live at his Federal house with barn-studio set in the handsome gardens he had made, where he and his family had been spending summers since 1885, in Cornish, New Hampshire – though not in retirement. Despite waning energy, he continued to work, producing a steady stream of reliefs and public sculpture. In 1901, he was appointed a member of the Senate Park, or McMillan, Commission for the redesign of Washington, D.C.'s Mall and its larger park system, along with architects Daniel Burnham and Charles Follen McKim, and landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr.; in 1902, the Commission published their report, popularly known as the McMillan Plan.^[23] In 1904, he was one of the first seven chosen for membership in the American Academy of Arts and Letters. That same year the large studio burned, with the irreplaceable loss of the sculptor's correspondence, his sketch books, and many works in progress.

The Cornish Art Colony Saint-Gaudens and his brother Louis attracted made for a dynamic social and creative environment. The most famous included painters Maxfield Parrish and Kenyon Cox, architect and garden designer Charles A. Platt, and sculptor Paul Manship. Included were painters Thomas Dewing, George de Forest Brush, dramatist Percy MacKaye, the American novelist Winston Churchill, and the sculptor Louis St. Gaudens, Augustus' brother. After his death in 1907 it slowly dissipated. His house and gardens are now preserved as the Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site.

Saint-Gaudens was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1896. In 1901, the French government made him an Officier de la Légion d'honneur.^[24] In 1920, Saint-Gaudens was posthumously elected to the Hall of Fame for Great Americans.^[25] In 1940, his image appeared on a U.S. postage stamp in the "Famous Americans" series.

Saint-Gaudens and his wife figure prominently in the 2011 book Americans in Paris by historian David McCullough. In interviews upon the book's release, McCullough said the letters of Augusta Saint-Gaudens to her friends and family in the United States were among the richest primary sources he discovered in years of research into the lives of the American community in Paris in the late 19th century.

Legacy and honors

During World War II the Liberty ship {{SS|Augustus Saint-Gaudens}} was built in Panama City, Florida, and named in his honor.^[26]

In 1940, the U.S. Post Office issued a series of 35 postage stamps, 'The Famous American Series' honoring America's famous artists, poets, educators, authors, scientists, composers and inventors. The renowned sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens was among those chosen for the 'Artists' category of this series and appears on this stamp, which was first issued in New York City on September 16, 1940.^[27]

Gallery

See also

References

Bibliography

Notes

1. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.nps.gov/saga/faqs.htm | title=Saint Gaudens National Historic Site | publisher=National Park Service | accessdate=December 14, 2013}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.classicreader.com/Adams_Henry/Education_of_Henry_Adams/23.html|title=The Education of Henry Adams: Chapter XXII. Chicago (1893) by Henry Adams @ Classic Reader|author=|date=|website=www.classicreader.com}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site|url=http://www.sgnhs.org/Augustus%20SGaudens%20CD-HTML/Monuments/CivilWar/Logan.htm|accessdate=23 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121175301/http://www.sgnhs.org/Augustus%20SGaudens%20CD-HTML/Monuments/CivilWar/Logan.htm|archive-date=21 January 2013|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
4. ^US Mint: The American Eagles Program.
5. ^{{cite book|last1=Finn|first1=Burke Wilkinson ; photographs by David|title=Uncommon clay : the life and works of Augustus Saintules Le BrethenGaudens|date=1985|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|location=San Diego|isbn=0151927499|pages=13–16|edition=1st}}
6. ^{{cite book|last1=Finn|first1=Burke Wilkinson ; photographs by David|title=Uncommon clay : the life and works of Augustus Saintules Le BrethenGaudens|date=1985|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|location=San Diego|isbn=0151927499|pages=16|edition=1st}}
7. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.americanheritage.com/content/adventures-paris| title=Adventures in Paris| work=American Heritage| author=David McCullough| date=Fall 2011 | volume= 61| issue= 2| page=40}}
8. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.americanheritage.com/content/adventures-paris| title=Adventures in Paris| work=American Heritage| author=David McCullough| date=Fall 2011 | volume= 61| issue= 2| page=41}}
9. ^Supple, Carrie F. and Walton, Cynthia, pubs. The Nichols Family Papers 1860–1960. 2007, Manuscript Collection No. 1.
10. ^¹²{{cite web |title=Judge Edwards Pierrepont |location=Smithsonian American Art Museum and the Renwick Gallery |url=http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artwork/?id=21538 |accessdate=2016-02-25}}
11. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.americanheritage.com/content/adventures-paris| title=Adventures in Paris| work=American Heritage| author=David McCullough| date=Fall 2011 | volume= 61| issue= 2| page=44}}
12. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.americanheritage.com/content/adventures-paris| title=Adventures in Paris| work=American Heritage| author=David McCullough| date=Fall 2011 | volume= 61| issue= 2| page=48}}
13. ^PMA Diana
14. ^{{cite web|title=Diana|url=http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/44513.html|publisher=Philadelphia Museum of Art|accessdate=10 August 2012}}
15. ^{{cite journal|title=Augustus Saint-Gaudens' Memorial to Robert Gould Shaw and the Massachusetts Fifty-fourth Regiment|journal=National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC|year=1997}}
16. ^US 1909.com Saint-Gaudens {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717174244/http://www.us1909.com/367gaudens.html |date=July 17, 2011 }}
17. ^{{cite book|last1=Dryfhout|first1=John|title=The work of Augustus Saint-Gaudens|date=1982|publisher=University Press of New England|location=Lebanon, NH|pages=246–247}}
18. ^Jerome Connor Sculptor – Annascaul Village, Annascaul Accommodation, Tom Crean, Jerome Conor, Irish Horse Fair and more!. Annascaul.net (2011-05-20). Retrieved on 2013-08-21.
19. ^List primarily gleaned from Wilkinson, Burke, Uncommon Clay: The Life and Works of Augustus Saint Gaudens, photographs by David Finn, Harcourt Brace Jovanovitch, Publishers, San Diego, 1983.
20. ^Yeoman, p. 272.
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object.cfm?key=35&objkey=717|title=United States, $20, 1907|publisher=National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=2008-06-16}}
22. ^2009 Ultra High Relief Double Eagle. 2009 Ultra High Relief Double Eagle. Retrieved on 2013-08-21.
23. ^Civic Art: A Centennial History of the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, ed. Thomas E. Luebke. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, 2013.
24. ^AAAS Membership
25. ^The Hall of Fame for Great Americans - Face-to-Face Online Tour
26. ^{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Greg H. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=A5oWBAAAQBAJ |title= The Liberty Ships of World War II: A Record of the 2,710 Vessels and Their Builders, Operators and Namesakes, with a History of the Jeremiah O’Brien |date= 25 July 2014 |publisher= McFarland |isbn= 1476617546 |accessdate= 7 December 2017 }}
27. ^Smithsonian National Postal Museum http://www.arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2028645