| 词条 | Musa Kesedžija |
| 释义 |
Musa Kesedžija ({{lang-sr|Муса Кесеџија}}, {{lang-bg|Муса Кеседжия}}), also described as Musa the Robber, Musa the Outlaw, Musa the Highwayman or Musa the Beheader, is a popular legendary hero of Serbian epic poetry and Bulgarian and Macedonian folklore. He is most famous as a rival of Prince Marko (Serbian: Марко Краљевић), another hero of South Slavic folklore. In the poem Musa is an Albanian highwayman who confronts Prince Marko, a vassal of the Sultan, at the Kačanik Gorge, today in modern Kosovo.[1] Musa Kesedžija in literature and artsMarko Kraljević and Musa KesedžijaMusa Kesedžija first appeared in the poem Marko Kraljević and Musa Kesedžija, which was recorded for the first time in Sremski Karlovci and published in 1815 by Vuk Karadžić.[2] Karadžić recorded the poem sung by Tešan Podrugović.[3] Musa had three hearts[4] which is a sign of exceptional heroism in Serbian epic poetry.[5] Because of his three hearts, Musa can be seen as an anthropomorphised descendant of chthonic monsters, as their anthropomorphosis can be reflected in the multiplication of body parts.[6] Other literature worksPetar I Petrović-Njegoš (1747–1830) mentions Musa and Marko Kraljević in his song The Sons of Ivan-bey ({{lang-sr-cyr|Синови Иванбегови}}), which was after his death published first in 1835 and then by Petar II Petrović-Njegoš in his 1845 song collection Serbian Mirror ({{lang-sr-cyr|Огледало Србско}}).[7]Musa appears in Macedonian folklore as a symbol of the oppressive Ottoman government.[8] The song about Marko Kraljević and Musa Kesedžija also exists in Bulgarian literature as an epic retelling ({{lang-bg|Крали Марко се надбягва с Муса Кеседжия и го побеждава}}).[9] In 1972 Werner Cohn published a gypsy story about Marko Kraljević and Musa Kesedžija, which is also in the form of a retelling of another epic song — Marko Kraljević and Djemo the Monuntaineer.[10] In Zakarpattia the epic poetry about Marko Kraljević and Musa Kesedžija has been modified into stories connected with the Kosovo battle.[11] Historical backgroundHistorical personsThe epic hero Musa Kesedžija is based on actual historical people.[12] According to some authors he is the result of merging several historical people including Musa Çelebi son of Bayezid I and Musa (Teodor II Muzaka[13]) from the Muzaka Albanian noble family with whom Marko had dispute over Kostur, modern day Kastoria.[14] Jovan Tomić thinks that Musa Kesedžija is based on another historical person, on the supporter of Jegen Osman Pasha who has been transformed into another epic hero — Djemo the Mountaineer ({{lang-sr|Ђемо Брђанин}}) in Serbian epic poetry.[15] The epic poetry describes Djemo as Kesedžija's brother.[16]Historical eventsActual historical events do not support a plot in which Prince Marko (who died in 1395) killed Musa Çelebi (died in 1413) or Moisi Arianit Golemi (died in 1465). John V A Fine emphasized that Sandalj Hranić should have been the epic hero who fought and killed Kesedžija rather than Marko Kraljević, because it was Hranić who significantly contributed to the death of Musa Çelebi.[17] {{Listen| filename = Marko Kraljević i Musa Kesedžija (dio).ogg | header = "Prince Marko and Musa Kesedžija" | title = Serbian: "Марко Краљевић и Муса Кесеџија" | description = The concluding portion of the poem, sung to the accompaniment of the gusle ([https://archive.org/stream/balladsofmarkokr00lowduoft#page/130/mode/2up verses 220–81]). (Duration: 5 minutes, 12 seconds) |image= }}{{Wikisource|Marko Kraljević and Musa the Outlaw|Marko Kraljević and Musa the Outlaw}} See also
References1. ^{{cite book|author=Tim Judah|title=Kosovo: War and Revenge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVf1na3FN_UC&pg=PA1|accessdate=8 June 2012|date=10 September 2002|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-09725-2|page=1|quote=This fragment comes from the tale of Serbian Prince Marko and the Albanian highwayman Musa Kesedzija. Marko, a vassal of the Sultan, has been sent by him to kill Musa who has been preying on people at the gorge of Kacanik, close to Kosovo's modern border with Macedonia. On seeing Marko, Musa greets him. }} 2. ^{{Citation |last= Čubelić |first= Tvrtko |title=Povijest i historija usmene narodne književnosti |url= https://books.google.rs/books?ei=hFa2T8yINIqZ-wai0YigCg&id=hb1iAAAAMAAJ&dq=vuk+karad%C5%BEi%C4%87+te%C5%A1an+musa&q=%22Od+Te%C5%A1ana+je+Vuk+zapisao+izme%C4%91u+mnogih+pjesama+i+neke+koje+ubrajamo+me%C4%91u+najbolje+na%C5%A1e+narodne+pjesme%2C+kao%3A+%C5%BDenidba+Du%C5%A1anova.+Marko+Kraljevi%C4%87+i.Musa+Kesed%C5%BEija%2C+Starina+Novak+i+Knez+Bogosav.+Te%C5%A1an+nije+pjesme+pjevao+uz+gusle%22#search_anchor |year= 1990 |publisher=Ante Pelivan i Danica Pelivan |location=Zagreb |language= Croatian |isbn=9788681703014 |oclc=27260153 |page=191 |quote=Od Tešana je Vuk zapisao između mnogih pjesama i neke koje ubrajamo među najbolje naše narodne pjesme, kao: Ženidba Dušanova. Marko Kraljević i.Musa Kesedžija, Starina Novak i Knez Bogosav. Tešan nije pjesme pjevao uz gusle }} 3. ^{{cite book|last=Popović|first=Miodrag|title=Vuk Stef. Karadžić: 1787–1864|year=1987|publisher=Nolit|location=Belgrade|url=https://books.google.rs/books?ei=VKe2T5vFMIftsgaK9uXwBw&hl=sr&id=dfpJAAAAYAAJ&dq=Te%C5%A1an+Podrugovi%C4%87&q=%22%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B+%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%9F%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0+%22#search_anchor|accessdate=19 May 2012|page=137|language=Serbian|quote=У Подруговићевој песми Краљевић Марко је главу убијеног одметника понео на дар султану.}} 4. ^{{cite book|last=Bogdanov|first=Nada|year=1968|title=Enciklopedija Leksikografskog zavoda, Volume 4 |publisher=Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod|location=Zagreb|url=https://books.google.rs/books?ei=amzET_W5OcnT-gaa8_nwCQ&id=hVAUAQAAIAAJ&dq=musa+tri+srca&q=%22jer+je+imao+tri+srca%22#search_anchor|accessdate=29 May 2012|page=445|language=Croatian|quote=MUSA KESEDŽIJA, junak iz nar. epike (naziva se i Musa Arbanasa). Nar. pjesma ga prikazuje kao najopasnijeg protivnika Marka Kraljevića, jer je imao tri srca u grudima.}} 5. ^{{cite book|last=Đorđević|first=Tihomir R|title=Veštica i vila u našem narodnom verovanju i predanju|year=1989|publisher=Narodna biblioteka Srbije|location=Belgrade|isbn=9788636702741|url=https://books.google.rs/books?ei=ikm5T8WxA-qK4gTA_PHVCQ&hl=sr&id=96JLAAAAMAAJ&dq=musa+kesedzija+tri+srca+pobeda&q=%22%D0%A3+%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%98+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%98+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0+%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0.+%D0%A2%D0%BE+%D1%98%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3+%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0.%22#search_anchor|editor=Nada Popović-Perišić|accessdate=20 May 2012|page=61|language=Serbian|quote="У једној народној песми се пева како вила има три срца јуначка. То је по нашим народним песмама знак особитог јунаштва."}} 6. ^{{cite book|title=Književnost i jezik: časopis za srpskohrvatski jezik i književnost, Томови 54–55|year=2007|publisher=Društvo za srpskohrvatski jezik i književnost Srbije, Društvo za srpskohrvatski jezik i književnost Crne Gore|url=https://books.google.rs/books?ei=hUu5T7-HMabb4QTBu7z4CQ&hl=sr&id=qzQpAQAAIAAJ&dq=musa+kesedzija+%22tri+srca%22+pobeda&q=%22%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D1%83+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%9A%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%83+%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D1%83+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0.10+%D0%95%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8+%D1%85%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%83+%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%99%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%2C+%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%9F%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.%22#search_anchor|accessdate=20 May 2012|page=255|language=Serbian|quote=Процес антропоморфизације се огледа у заосталим животињским атрибутима или у умножавању делова тела противника.10 Епски наследници хтонских чудовишта су упечатљиви ликови Балачка воеводе, Мусе кесеџије или до паса каменитог Костуранина.}} 7. ^{{Citation |last=Petrović-Njegoš |first=Petar I |authorlink=Petar I Petrović-Njegoš |author-separator= |editor= |editorn= |editorn-last= |editorn-first= |editor-link= |editorn-link= |others= |script-title=sr:Огледало Србско |trans-title=Serbian Mirror |url=http://scc.digital.nb.rs/document/S-II-0950 |origyear= |year=1845 |publisher=Pečatana u kniž. srbskoĭ knʹigopečatnʹi |location=Belgrade |language=Serbian |isbn= |oclc=42286038 |doi= |doi-inactive-date=|bibcode= |id= |page=4 |pages= |nopp= |at= |chapter=The Sons of Ivan-bey |chapterurl= |quote="Sultan-care, mili gospodare, znaš li, care, što si obećao kada si me vjerom oskvrnuo? Sad ispuni, vrijemeje došlo, ali ću se opet pokrstiti i katil se tebe učiniti, ka što tije Musa i Primorje Jal' Kraljević u Prilipa grada." |laysummary= |laydate= |separator= |postscript= |lastauthoramp= |ref= }} 8. ^{{cite book|last=Matkovski|first=Aleksandar|title=Otporot vo Makedonija vo vremeto na turskoto vladeenje: Duhovniot otpor|year=1983|publisher=Misla|url=https://books.google.rs/books?ei=YWy5T4-zAc7T4QTZvK3kAQ&hl=sr&id=U54MAAAAIAAJ&dq=musa+kesedzija+%22tri+srca%22+u+pesmi&q=%22+%D0%92%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D1%81%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%9C%D0%B8+%22#search_anchor|accessdate=20 May 2012|page=86|language=Macedonian|quote=Оно што не можело да му се припише на султанот и на турската власт се припишувало на Муса. Во македонската народна поезија Муса бил претставен како јунак со огромна сила и со три срца}} 9. ^{{cite web|last=Suvajdžić|first=Boško|title=Prozne parafraze epskih pesama o Marku Kraljeviću|url=http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-bg/folklor/bsuvajdzic-kraljevicm.php|publisher=Naučni sastanak slavista u Vukove dane|accessdate=20 May 2012|pages=117–127|language=Serbian|date=29 February 2000|quote=О томе могу да посведоче и, временски аналогни, записи прозних текстова у бугарском капиталном савременом зборнику из 1971. године Български юнашки епос где се, бројношћу записа "епске парафразе" намећу као нови, специфични жанр, гранични вид опстанка епске традиције у XX веку. "Текстови" забележени у прози у овом зборнику по пореклу и особеностима деле се на две групе: у првима је сиже епских песама слободније развијен; друге су доследне паралеле епских песама, са незнатним одступањима у гранању сижеа... Тако "епска парафраза" теме о Марку и Муси, дата под називом Крали Марко се надбягва с Муса Кеседжия и го побеждава}} 10. ^{{cite web|last=Suvajdžić|first=Boško|title=Prozne parafraze epskih pesama o Marku Kraljeviću|url=http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-bg/folklor/bsuvajdzic-kraljevicm.php|publisher=Naučni sastanak slavista u Vukove dane|accessdate=20 May 2012|pages=117–127|language=Serbian|date=29 February 2000|quote=Као илустрација изреченог, а у покушају жанровског дефинисања специфичне посредничке форме "епских парафраза", послужиће нам један савремени прозни запис канадских Цигана о Марку Краљевићу и Муси Кесеџији, који је 27. новембра 1967. године забележио истакнути проучавалац циганског фолклора Вернер Кон (Werner Cohn), и објавио га 1972. године у часопису "Journal of the Gipsy Lore Society"[11]. У питању је прозна парафраза сижеа епске песме Марко Краљевић и Ђемо Брђанин, удаљена од свог епског предлошка и по временским и по просторним координатама.}} 11. ^{{cite web|last=Suvajdžić|first=Boško|title=Prozne parafraze epskih pesama o Marku Kraljeviću|url=http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-bg/folklor/bsuvajdzic-kraljevicm.php|publisher=Naučni sastanak slavista u Vukove dane|accessdate=20 May 2012|pages=117–127|language=Serbian|date=29 February 2000|quote=модификовања епске традиције о Марку Краљевићу ван родног тла и класичног епског доба, сведоче и драгоцени записи закарпатских народних прича о Марку Краљевићу, ..., под називом Закарпатске народне приче о Марку Краљевићу, објавио П. В. Линтур 1965. године. ... Традиционални сиже песме о Марку и Муси повезан је овде са косовском епском легендом на тај начин што су Марку приписане функције које припадају закаснелом косовском јунаку}} 12. ^{{harvnb|Popović|1988|p=164}}{{quote|Both champions, Prince Marko and Musa the Robber were actual historical persons.}} 13. ^{{cite book|title=Studia Albanica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IBLUAAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=L'Institut|page=90|quote=Theodore Korona Muzaka (Theodore III Muzaka), un neveu, descendant direct de Gjin Muzaka et des freres de Theodore II Muzaka (Musa Arbanasi), qui selon }} 14. ^{{harvnb|Popović|1988|p=164}}{{quote|Musa the Robber underwent a process of merging several historical persons...a member of Albanian noble family of Musaki who was a contemporary of Prince Marko, Prince Musa, a son of sultan Bayazet, Musa (or Moysie)...}} 15. ^{{cite book|last=Skendi|first=Stavro|title=Albanian and South Slavic oral epic poetry|year=1954|publisher=Kraus Reprint|url=https://books.google.rs/books?id=xtxXAAAAYAAJ&q=%22djemo+br%C4%91anin%22+musa&dq=%22djemo+br%C4%91anin%22+musa&hl=sr&sa=X&ei=T3i3T_uaLouk4ATA-PmFCA&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBQ|accessdate=19 May 2012|page=43|quote=In Musa Kesedžija... the Serbian scholar saw one of the supporters of Jegen... Djemo}} 16. ^{{cite book|last=Dordević|first=Tihomir R.|title=Ras Nasodni zivot, Томови 7–10|year=1933|url=https://books.google.rs/books?ei=83e3T6mvOqj34QTultXpCQ&hl=sr&id=4Wk8AAAAMAAJ&dq=musa+djemo+kesedzija&q=%22%D0%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE+%D0%91%D1%80%D1%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%22#search_anchor|accessdate=19 May 2012|page=14|quote=' Дема је деминутив од Демир. Демир је турско име и значи гвожђе. 1 У српској народној песми вели Ђемо Брђанин за Кра- љевића Марка: .Давно ми је брата погубио, погубио Мусу Кесеџију}} 17. ^{{Citation |last=Fine |first=John V A |title=The Bosnian Church: a new interpretation : a study of the Bosnian Church and its place on state and society from the 13th to the 15th centuries |url=https://books.google.rs/books?ei=Mxa2T__dG8-f-waE85S9Cg&id=8sDYAAAAMAAJ&dq=musa+kesed%C5%BEija+fine&q=%22Sandalj%2C+rather+than+Marko%22#search_anchor |year=1975 |publisher=East European Quarterly |location=Boulder |isbn= |oclc= 462680616|page=282 |quote=Thus the despot or Sandalj, rather than Marko Kraljevic (+1394), should have been the hero in the epic describing the death of the three-hearted Musa Kesedzija. }} Sources
4 : Characters in Serbian epic poetry|Bulgarian folklore|Fictional outlaws|North Macedonia folklore |
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