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词条 Nagore Dargah
释义

  1. About the saint

  2. History of the dargah

  3. Architecture

  4. Festivals

  5. Worship, rituals and administration

  6. See also

  7. Notes

      Footnotes   Citations 

  8. References

  9. External links

{{For|the former Indian Muslim shrine in Singapore|Nagore Durgha, Singapore}}{{Good article}}{{Use British English|date=April 2013}}{{Infobox mosque
| name = Nagore Dargah
| image = Nagore dargah.jpg
|alt = A panoramic view of Nagore Dargah; Dome, Sacred water tank and the five minarets
| caption = A panoramic view of Nagore Dargah; Dome, Sacred water tank and the five minarets
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| location = Nagore, Tamil Nadu, India
| geo = {{coord|10.818|79.858|display=inline,title}}
| tradition =
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| territory = Nagore
| district = Nagapattinam
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| status = Mosque
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| website = www.nagoredargahshariff.org
| architect =
| architecture_type = Mosque
| architecture_style = Islamic
| facade_direction =
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| dome_quantity = 1 (gold-plated)
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}}Nagore Dargah (also called Nagoor Dargah or Hazrat Syed Shahul Hameed Dargah) is a dargah built over the tomb of the Sufi{{Ref|a| a}} saint Nagore Shahul Hamid (1490–1579 CE).[1] It is located in Nagore, a coastal town in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Outer doors kept open always. Internal doors opening time is from 4:30 am to 07:00 am and 6:25 pm to 9:30 pm. Friday alone additionally kept open from 12 noon to 2:30 pm also. Shahul Hamid is believed to have performed many miracles in Nagore, and cured the physical affliction of king Achutappa Nayak, a 16th-century Hindu ruler of Thanjavur. He is locally referred to as Nagore Andavar, meaning the "Ruler of Nagore". Nagore dargah as it stands now, is believed to have been built by ardent devotees of Shahul Hamid, with major contribution from Hindus. There are five minarets in the dargah, with the Hindu Maratha ruler of Thanjavur Pratap Singh (1739–1763 CE), building the tallest minaret. The dargah is a major pilgrimage centre that attracts pilgrims from both Islam and Hinduism, symbolizing peaceful coexistence between the two religions.{{Ref|b| b}}[1]

The most prominent event celebrated at Nagore dargah is the Kanduri festival, a fourteen-day commemoration of the death anniversary of Shahul Hamid. Common worship practices at Nagore dargah include the presentation of offerings, accompanied by the playing of musical instruments like nadaswaram, atypical of Hindu religious tradition. The Shifa Gunta, a pool within the precincts of the dargah, is considered sacred; pilgrims take a holy dip in it. The hereditary Khalifa (Sufi saint),{{Ref|c| c}} selected from among the descendants of saint Yusuf, performs all the official and religious duties of the dargah. The administration and maintenance of the dargah is governed by a committee which operates under a scheme decreed by the Madras High Court.

About the saint

Shahul Hamid Badusha Kaadiri was born to Syed Hassan Kuthos Baba Kaadiri and Bibi Fathima at Manikpur, in Pratapgarh district of Uttar Pradesh. He was a 13th generation descendant of the renowned Sufi saint, Muhiyudin Abd al-Qadir al-Jalani.[2] He had his Islamic education at Gwalior under the guidance of Mohammad Ghouse. He left on a pilgrimage to Mecca and then moved to Maldives, Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu with his spiritual team.[4] Historians Sayyid and Qadir Hussain (1957) place the date of his birth on 10 November 1504, death on 10 November 1570 and arrival in Nagore during 1533–34.[3] Other sources mention the year of death as 1558, 1570 or 1579.[2] He is believed to have led a simple and pious life, performing a lot of miracles, giving him the name Nagore Andavar (meaning god of Nagore).[4][3] His popularity grew outside Tanjore region during the period.[5] He was also called Meera Saheb,[6] Qadir Wali and Ganj-e-Sawai.[11]

As per local legend, hagiographical texts and historical records, Shahul Hamid is believed to have cured a Hindu ruler of Thanjavur, king Achutappa Nayak (1529–1542 A.D.), of his physical affliction caused by sorcery.[7] Shahul Hamid found a needled pigeon in the palace believed to be the cause of the misery. He removed the pins from the pigeon, resulting in the king's health improvement.[7] In remembrance of the event, the practice of setting pigeons free in the premises of the dargah is continued by worshipers in modern times.

History of the dargah

Achutappa Nayak, the king of Thanjavur during the 16th century, donated {{convert|200|acre|ha|abbr=on}} of land to the entourage of Shahul, after the saint cured the king's affliction. The dargah was built on a part of the land donated by Nayak.[7][8] Shahul Hamid is believed to have predicted his death and advised his adopted son Yusuf about his burial location and rites to be performed after his death. Yusuf performed the rites as per the instructions and decided to stay there for the rest of his life. A mausoleum was constructed over the grave. Devotees of Shahul, who continued to believe in his powers after his death, venerated the site of the burial.[3] The shrine was initially a smaller one and gradually gained prominence. Pratap Singh (1739–1763 A.D.), the Hindu Maratha ruler of Thanjavur prayed for a son and built the tallest of the five minarets (called Periya Manara locally) with a height of {{convert|131|ft|m|abbr=on}} once his wish was fulfilled.[1][9] The Marathas of the later period were patrons to the dargah,[10] with the Maratha king Thuljaji, the son of Pratap Singh, donating {{convert|4000|acre|ha|abbr=on}} of agricultural land to the dargah.[11] During the last quarter of 18th century, when there was conflict between European powers, the Nawab of Arcot, the Maratha kings and Tipu Sultan of Mysore over Thanjavur region, the dargah was considered strategically important by all of them.[11]

Architecture

The Nagore Dargah covers an area of {{convert|5|acre|ha|abbr=on}} enclosed by a compound wall. The main complex has four entrances in each direction.[22][23] The dargah is believed to have been built by ardent devotees of Shahul Hamid, who are 95 per cent Hindus.[12] There are five minarets with different heights and the tallest one has a height of {{convert|131|ft|m|abbr=on}}.[1] It was erected during the 195th death anniversary of Shahul.[7] The dargah has a gold-plated dome located on the west face outside the main entrance over the tombs of Shahul, his son Yusuf and his daughter-in-law Saeeda Sultana Biwi.[13] The other four minarets are {{convert|77|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall Sahib Minara, {{convert|93.5|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall Thalaimattu Minara, {{convert|93.25|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall Muthubaq Minara and {{convert|80|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall Ottu Minara, each constructed in four cardinal points around the dome.[22] As a mark of respect, devotees venerate the sandals of the saint which are preserved in the shrine. The central part of the dargah is the tomb of the saint Shahul Hamid, which is approached through seven thresholds.[12][14] Four of these doorways are made of silver and the remaining three of gold. The other tombs in the shrines are the ones for Shahul's grandson Hassan and Abdel Khader Gilani, each located in different chambers.[12] The adjoining portion of the complex is called Peer Mandap, the Trusty's place of fasting during the annual festival. A mosque is located next to the Peer Mandap, where daily prayers are offered.[22]

Shifa Gunta is a holy tank with stepped sides, located within the precincts of the dargah.[12] As per a local legend, Shahul Hamid is believed to have brought an iron chain with him to Nagore to bind himself during severe austerities. The distinctive chain is identified as the one hanging from the ceiling above the tomb of Yusuf.[15] Vanjur shrine and Silladi shrine, located outside the main complex, are associated with the Nagore Dargah. The Vanjur shrine is a cave located {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of the main complex at Nagore. It is the place where Shahul is believed to have meditated for 40 days. Silladi shrine is located {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} towards the east of main complex, facing the Bay of Bengal, where Shahul is believed to have offered daily prayers.[16][17][18]

There are similar shrines built in Shahul Hamid's honour in Penang (Malaysia) and Singapore. The Singapore dargah, built during 1827, has been declared a national monument. These two shrines along with the Masjid Jamae at Chulia in Singapore and the Keramat Data Koya in Penang are influenced by the architectural style of Nagore dargah.[19][20]

Festivals

Kanduri festival is a 14-day annual event celebrated during the urs (death anniversary) of the saint.[21][41] The festival is celebrated in commemoration of the anniversary of the saint's death, and pilgrims participate in the rituals and rites. The word kanduri is derived from the Persian word for table cloth. The festival is also called Qadir Wali Ke Fande festival.[41] A saffron flag-carrying ceremony is also observed, during which a flag is carried from a devotee's house to the dargah, accompanied by a procession in streets. The flag is hoisted on a tree known as Fande ka Fahad by a Sirang (hereditary trustee) who is assisted by twenty assistants.[22] The Islamic rites performed during the festival include the recitation of Quaranic verses and observance of Fatiha (it includes; recitation of Al-Fatiha an essential part of daily prayer and Durood).[23] The main attraction of the festival is the presence of Fakhir Jamas (mendicant priests) and Qalandars—the disciples of the saint who witness the festival. On the 9th day of Jamathul Akhir month in the Islamic calendar, at 10 p.m., a pir (one of the disciples) is chosen for the spiritual exercise of offering prayers to the saint. The disciple throws lemons at the end of the prayers on devotees, which is believed to provide miraculous relief to worldly sorrows.[23] The festival is also seen as a sacred exchange between Hindus and Muslims expressing solidarity of mixed faith in the region. Pilgrims from both the religions from the state and also from Sri Lanka, Burma and Gulf countries, attend the festival.[24][14][25] In the evening of the ninth day of Akhir month in the Islamic calendar, a chariot containing sandal paste (locally called santhanakoodu) is pulled across the streets of Nagore by pilgrims and devotees, accompanied by banging of instruments. The sandal paste is received by the saint's descendants and used to anoint the Rowla Sharif (sanctum) of the saint by the Khalifa of the dargah.[26]

Worship, rituals and administration

Nagore dargah is a common place of worship for devotees of various religious faiths.[8] According to the administration of the dargah, about 50–75 per cent of pilgrims visiting the dargah everyday are Hindus.[12][52] The practise of offering flowers, sweatmeats and food, the way of conducting worship, and playing musical instruments like nadaswaram (a type of pipe instrument commonly used in Tamil Nadu) are atypical of Hindu tradition.[27] Other worship practises include offering flags and lighting lamps of ghee at the saint's tomb. Devotees shave their heads near the tank and offer tin or silver-plated facsimiles of body parts, houses, sailboats matching their material needs.[12][28][29]

Since Shahul Hamid was a celibate, he is offered a Sehra (head dress), and not the customary flowers as at other dargahs.[12] As per a local legend, he was approached by a childless couple who informed them that they would be blessed with children but the first offspring would be presented to him to adopt. Following the tradition, many childless couple worship in the dargah.[30][31] While the dargah is open throughout the day, the doors of the shrines are open only during early morning and evening.[12]

Shifa Gunta, the tank within the precincts of the dargah, is considered sacred. It is believed that a dip in the tank cures physical ailments.[14][32]

There is a hereditary Khalifa, from among the descendants of saint Yusuf. He performs all the religious duties of the dargah. A central parliamentary committee deputed to verify the implementation of the Wakf Act of 1995 was informed in 2008 that the Nagore Dargah was not administered as per the provisions of the Act. The committee found that it is against the spirit of the provisions of the Act as the dargah is a surveyed and notified body under the Tamil Nadu Wakf board. The administration and maintenance of the dargah was henceforth governed by a committee which operates under a scheme decreed by the Madras High Court.[22][33][34]

Shahul Hamid and the dargah are revered in Tamil religious literature across different centuries. The most important among them is Tirukkarana Puranam (1812) by Ceyk Aptul Kaatiru Nayinar Leppai Alim (also called Cekuna Pulavar) that details the life of the saint. The Nakur Puranam, written by Kulam Katiru Navalar in 1893, describes the miracles performed by Shahul in the dargah after his death. A prose biography Kanjul Kaaramattu, by Kulam Katiru Navalar, is also very popular.

[35] Nakaiyanthathi, a Tamil devotional poem, mentions the tank as "a haven of sweetness and comfort bedecked with the auspicious lotus".[32]

See also

  • Dargahs in Tamil Nadu

Notes

Footnotes

  • {{Note|a}} Sufis are Muslim mystics, believed to embrace god based on a personal relationship in contrast to submission to god based on stipulated practises specified by religion. The word sufi is derived from Arabic word surf meaning wool, as the first practitioners of Sufism during the 9th century wore a coarse woolen garment. Some of the Sufi rituals drew inspiration from other religions and the geography where it was practised.[36] Sufism is often referred as a mystic model in Islam and genuine Sufis "share an inner light and awakening and an outer courtesy and service to humanity".[37][38]
  • {{Note|b}} Historically, Hindu yogis and Sufis have interacted amicably to find mutual ways of understanding the gap between the religions. Islam is believed to have arrived in South Asia through traders and Sufis and has blended with other religions practised in the region.[39]
  • {{Note|c}} Khalifa in Sufism is commonly referred to the lead follower in Sufi order. His office is called khilafat.[38][40]

Citations

1. ^{{Cite book |last1=Landis |first1=Dan|last2=Albert|first2=Rosita D. |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Handbook of Ethnic Conflict: International Perspectives|page=150|year=2012 |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media, LLC |location=London|isbn=978-1-4614-0447-7}}
2. ^1 Raj 2006, p. 69
3. ^1 2 Werbner 1998, pp. 58–60
4. ^1 Mohammada 2007, p. 224
5. ^{{cite book|title=Themes in Islamic Studies : Islam in South Asia : A Short History|page=141|first=Jamal|last=Malik|publisher=BRILL |year= 2008 |location=Boston, MA, USA|isbn=9789047441816 }}
6. ^Mohammada 2007, p. 225
7. ^1 2 3 Raj 2006, p. 65
8. ^1 {{cite web|title=History of Nagore Dargah|url=http://www.nagoredargah.com/|accessdate=2013-07-04|publisher=Nagore Dargah}}
9. ^{{cite book|title=Hindu and Muhammadan festivals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BUQ4OvusWwIC&pg=PA79&dq=nagore+dargah&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bLBhUc-UK4289QTU_IDIAg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBTge#v=onepage&q=nagore%20dargah&f=false|page=79|first=John|last=Murdoch|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1991|isbn=9788120607088}}
10. ^{{cite book|title=Indian Princes and Their States|page=46|first= Barbara N.|last=Ramusack|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|isbn=9780511164217 }}
11. ^Bayly 2003, p. 220
12. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{Cite book |last=Visweswaran |first=Kamala |authorlink= |title=Perspectives on Modern South Asia: A Reader in Culture, History, and |year=2011 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Limited |location=UK |isbn=978-1-4051-0062-5|ref=Visweswaran|pages=33–34}}
13. ^Bayly 2003, p. 91
14. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=`Sandanakoodu' to reach Nagore Dargah on July 18|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/11/stories/2005071103000200.htm|work=The Hindu|date=2005-07-11|accessdate=2013-02-15}}
15. ^{{cite book|title=Lived Islam in South Asia: Adaptation, Accommodation, and Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oPLZ8lzi39QC&pg=PA277&dq=nagoor+dargah&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hLdhUfaEHIau8QS90YDQAQ&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=nagoor%20dargah&f=false|page=277|last=Ahmad |first=Imtiaz |publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2004|isbn=9788187358152}}
16. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|title=Dargahs, abodes of the saints|publisher=Marg Publications|year=2004|first1=Mumtaz|last1=Currim|first2=George|last2=Michell|first3=Karoki|last3=Lewis|page=145|isbn=9788185026657}}
17. ^{{cite web|title=Rivers of Paradise: Water in Islamic Art and Culture|url=http://www.islamicartdoha.org/downloads/symposium-program-07.pdf|work=Hamad Bin Khalifa Symposium on Islamic Art|last=Ashe|first=Catherine.B|pages=20–21|format=PDF|date=2004-11-05|accessdate=2013-02-15}}
18. ^{{cite book|title=Rivers of paradise: water in Islamic art and culture|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2009|last1=Blair|first1=Sheila|last2=Bloom|first2=Jonathan M.|isbn=978-0300158991}}
19. ^Feener 2009, p. 58
20. ^{{cite book|title=Ritual, caste, and religion in colonial South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wbISha_aGocC&|page=195|last1=Bergunder|first1=Michael |last2=Frese|first2=Heiko|last3=Schröder|first3=Ulrich E.|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|year=2010|isbn=9783447063777|accessdate=2013-04-22}}
21. ^1 2 3 {{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Sir William Wilson |authorlink= |title=Imperial gazetteer of India, Volume 19 |year=1908 |publisher=Claredon Press |location=Oxford |isbn=|ref=Hunter|page=}}
22. ^1 {{cite news|title=`Kodimaram' offerings belong to dargah: HC|url=http://hindujobs.com/thehindu/2002/08/06/stories/2002080604180400.htm|work=The Hindu|date=2002-08-06|accessdate=2013-02-15|last=A.|first=Subramani}}
23. ^1 Mohammada 2007, p. 226
24. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Nagore dargah draws Hindus in droves|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-30/chennai/28259332_1_chadar-hindus-marathas|work=The Times of India|date=2010-10-30|accessdate=2013-02-15|last=V.|first=Mayilvaganan}}
25. ^1 2 Werbner 1998, pp. 61–62
26. ^Mohammada 2007, p. 227
27. ^Mohammada 2007, p. 223
28. ^1 Raj 2006, p. 83
29. ^{{cite book|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C&pg=PR13&dq=nagore+dargah&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9KthUZKXNZPK9gSSmYGgCw&ved=0CGQQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=nagore%20dargah&f=false|page=3|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2009|isbn=9781400831388|last=Metcalf|first=Barbara D.}}
30. ^Raj 2006, p. 251
31. ^{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Volume 11|last1=Hastings|first=James|last2=Selbie|first2=John Alexander|last3=Gray|first3=Louis Herbert|publisher=Scribner|year=1917}}
32. ^1 Bayly 2003, p. 134
33. ^{{cite news|title=Nagore Dargah trustee dies|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/nagore-dargah-trustee-dies/article3286236.ece?textsize=large&test=1|work=The Hindu|date=2012-04-06|accessdate=2013-02-15}}
34. ^{{cite report|title=Implementation of the Wakf act, 1995 in Tamil Nadu and working of Tamil Nadu State Wakf board|url=http://164.100.47.5:8080/newcommittee/reports/EnglishCommittees/JPC%20on%20Wakf/7threport.pdf|publisher=Joint Parliamentary Committee on Wakf, Rajya Sabha|pages=22–23|format=PDF|accessdate=2013-02-15}}
35. ^Raj 2006, p. 67
36. ^{{cite book|title=Understanding Islam|publisher=Penguin Group|last=Lippman|first=Thomas A.|year=2002|pages=144–47|isbn=0-452-01160-4|edition=2nd revised|location=New York}}
37. ^Ahmed 2007, p. 34
38. ^1 {{cite book|title=Religions of the World: Islam|last=Kheirabadi|first=Masoud|publisher=Chelsea House Publishers|location=Philadelphia|pages=94–100|year=2003|isbn=0-7910-7859-0}}
39. ^Ahmed 2007, p. 13
40. ^{{cite book|title=Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 1843–1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8wrDHqwEFIC&pg=PR17&dq=sufi+saints+%2B+khalifa&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ukFrUbGyFIjm8gS1loC4Bg&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=sufi%20saints%20%2B%20khalifa&f=false|page=xvii|last=Ansari|first=Sarah F. D.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1992|isbn=9780521405300}}

References

{{refbegin}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Akbar |authorlink= |title=Journey into Islam |year=2007 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |location=Washington D.C. |isbn=978-0-8157-0132-3|ref=Ahmed}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Bayly |first=Susan |authorlink= |title=Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700-1900/Susan Bayly |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-37201-1|ref=Bayly}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Feener |first=R. Michael |first2=Terenjit |last2=Sevea |title=Islamic connections: Muslim societies in South and Southeast Asia |year=2009 |publisher=ISEAS Publishing |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-230-924-2|ref=Feener}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Mohammada |first=Malika |authorlink= |title=The foundations of the composite culture in India |year=2007 |publisher=Aakar Books |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-89833-18-3|ref=Mohammada }}
  • {{Cite book |last=Raj |first=Selva J. |authorlink= |author2=William P. Harman |title=Dealing With Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia |year=2006 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany |isbn=0-7914-6707-4|ref=Raj}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Werbner |first=Pnina |authorlink=Pnina Werbner |author2=Helene Basu |title=Embodying charisma: modernity, locality, and performance of emotion in Sufi |year=1998 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0-415-15099-X|ref=Werbner|pages=61–62}}

External links

{{Commons category|Nagore Dargah}}
  • Nagore Dargah Shareef Official Website
  • Nagore Dargah in Nagapattinam District website
  • [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.wNagoreAwliyaBaiths Nagore Awliya Baiths]

3 : Dargahs in India|Mosques in Tamil Nadu|Buildings and structures in Nagapattinam district
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