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词条 Speed wobble
释义

  1. Theory

  2. In two-wheeled vehicles

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. External links

Wobble, shimmy, tank-slapper,[1] speed wobble, and even death wobble are all words and phrases used to describe a quick (4–10 Hz) oscillation of primarily just the steerable wheel(s) of a vehicle. Initially, the rest of the vehicle remains mostly unaffected, until translated into a vehicle yaw oscillation of increasing amplitude producing loss of control. Vehicles that can experience this oscillation include motorcycles and bicycles, skateboards, and in theory any vehicle with a single steering pivot point and a sufficient amount of freedom of the steered wheel, including that which exists on some light aircraft with tricycle gear where instability can occur at speeds of less than 80 kmh; this does not include most automobiles. The initial instability occurs mostly at high speed and is similar to that experienced by shopping cart wheels and aircraft landing gear.[2][3]

Theory

Sustained oscillation has two necessary components: an underdamped second- or higher-order system and a positive feedback mechanism. An example of an underdamped second order system is a spring and mass system, where the mass can bob up and down (oscillate) when hanging from a spring.

If shimmy cannot be designed out of the system, a device known as a steering damper may be used, which is essentially a notch filter designed to damp the shimmy at its known natural frequency.[4]

Shimmy is usually associated with the deformation of (rubber) tires. However, it can also be observed in nondeformable (e.g., steel) wheels. The phenomenon can be explained by introducing multicomponent dry friction forces,[5] apart from the usual forces considered in the literature.

In two-wheeled vehicles

Wobble or shimmy begins when some otherwise minor irregularity accelerates the wheel to one side. The irregularity may be a wheel which is out-of-round, out-of-true, or out-of-balance.[6] As the wheel rotates, it will exert a cyclic load to the vehicle frame, which if matched with the system's (vehicle and attached accessories) resonant frequency, can produce a speed wobble.[6] During the wheel rotation, a restoring force is applied in phase with the progress of the irregularity, and the wheel turns to the other side where the process is repeated. If there is insufficient damping in the steering the oscillation will increase until system failure. The oscillation frequency can be changed by changing the forward speed, making the bike stiffer or lighter, or increasing the stiffness of the steering, of which the rider is a main component.[2] While wobble or shimmy can be easily remedied by adjusting speed, position, or grip on the handlebar, it can be fatal if left uncontrolled.[7]

Other things being equal, speed wobble is generally less likely to occur in a mountain bike compared to a road bike, because a mountain bike's frame generally has more damping from the suspension system, and the tire knobs also produce some dampening between the vehicle and road interface.[6]

Since shimmy frequency is independent of bike speed, gyroscopic effects "are clearly not essential to the phenomenon."[2] The top five influences on wobble have been found to be lateral stiffness of the front tire, steering damper, height of bike center of mass, distance of bike center of mass from rear wheel, and cornering stiffness of the front tire.[3][8]

An academic paper that investigated wobble through physical experimentation and computer modeling concludes: "the influence on wobble mode of front tire characteristics, front frame inertia and chassis stiffness were shown. In particular, it shows that [by] increasing front tire inflation, chassis stiffness, and front frame inertia about steering axis and decreasing sideslip stiffness of front tire, wobble mode damping is improved, promoting vehicle stability."[9][10]

See also

  • Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics
  • Tire balance
  • Caster flutter
  • Fishtailing
  • Hunting oscillation
  • Self-oscillation
  • Trailer (vehicle)
  • Vehicle dynamics

References

1. ^{{Cite book |last=Hough |year=2000 |first=David L. | author-link=David_L._Hough |title=Proficient Motorcycling: The Ultimate Guide to Riding Well |edition=2nd |publisher=BowTie Press|location=USA | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yeAIAIxS-cgC |isbn=1-889540-53-6 |page=253 |chapter=Glossary |quote=tank slapper: a speed wobble so severe that the handlebars bang alternately against the sides of the fuel tank }}
2. ^1 2 {{cite book| title = Bicycling Science| edition = Third| last = Wilson| first = David Gordon|author2=Jim Papadopoulos | year = 2004| publisher = The MIT Press| isbn = 0-262-73154-1| pages = 263–390}}
3. ^1 {{cite book| title = Motorcycle Dynamics| edition = Second| last = Cossalter| first = Vittore| year = 2006| publisher = Lulu.com| isbn = 978-1-4303-0861-4| pages = 241–342}}
4. ^{{cite web| title = Control of Motorcycle Steering Instabilities| author = Simos Evangelou, David J.N. Limebeer, Robin S. Sharp, and Malcolm C. Smith| date = October 2006| publisher = IEEE Control Systems Magazine| url = http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=90D737E4F94775CA174606187BCB4595?doi=10.1.1.227.9657&rep=rep1&type=pdf| quote = For machines with a stiff front frame, a steering damper is required to stabilize the wobble mode at high speeds, while older, more flexible machines may require a steering damper at intermediate speeds.| accessdate = 2017-12-02}}
5. ^{{cite article| last1 = Zhuravlev| first1 = V.Ph.| last2 = Klimov| first2 = D.M.| title = Theory of the shimmy phenomenon| journal = Mechanics of Solids| volume =4| issue = 3| pages =324-330| doi = 10.3103/S0025654410030039}}
6. ^1 2 http://www.slowtwitch.com Speed Wobble.
7. ^{{cite news| title = Crash kills cyclist| last = Kettler| first = Bill|date=2004-09-15| work = Mail Tribune| url = http://www.mailtribune.com/article/20040915/BIZ/309159999| accessdate = 2016-07-10}}
8. ^{{cite journal | author = Manfred Plöchl |author2=Johannes Edelmann |author3=Bernhard Angrosch |author4=Christoph Ott | title = On the wobble mode of a bicycle | journal = Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 415–429 | publisher = Taylor & Francis | date = 7 Jul 2011 | issn = 0042-3114 | doi=10.1080/00423114.2011.594164}}
9. ^{{cite conference | first = Salvador | last = Mauro | authorlink = |author2=Fabris, Davide | title = Study of stability of a two wheeled vehicle through experiments on the road and in laboratory | date = May 27–28, 2004 | location = Modena, Italy | url = http://www.dinamoto.it/dinamoto/7_MDRG_papers/_MDRG%20Papers%20in%20PDF%20format/2004_04%20Study%20of%20stability%20of%20a%20two%20wheeled%20vehicle%20MODENA.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2008-08-31}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://thewordunscrambler.com/word/WOBBLING|title=Definition of Wobbling - The Word Unscrambler|website=thewordunscrambler.com|access-date=2016-11-02}}

External links

  • Bicycle speed wobbles
  • Video of motorcycle+rider crashing due to a death wobble
  • Animation of shimmy
  • Animation of death wobble
  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5Dapy1xUq0&mode=related&search= Video of bicycle crash showing death wobble]
  • [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wj9PNNChVm4 Video of a truck with death wobble]

4 : Motorcycle dynamics|Cycling|Automotive suspension technologies|Dynamics (mechanics)
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