1. History

2. Ecology
    Birds   Insects   Bushfires  Effects of climate change 

3. Alpine huts

4. Gallery

5. Attractions

6. Resort skiing areas

7. Panoramas

8. References

9. External links

The Australian Alps, an interim Australian bioregion,^[1][2] is the highest mountain range in Australia. This range is located in southeastern Australia, and it straddles eastern Victoria, southeastern New South Wales, and the Australian Capital Territory. The Australian Alps contain Australia's only peaks exceeding {{convert|2000|m}} in elevation above sea level. The Alps are the only bioregion on the Australian mainland in which deep snow falls annually. The Alps comprise an area of {{convert|1232981|ha|acre}}.^[3]

The Australian Alps are part of the Great Dividing Range, the series of mountains, hills, and highlands that runs about {{convert|3000|km}} from northern Queensland, through New South Wales, and into the northern part of Victoria.^[4] This chain of highlands divides the drainage of the rivers that flow to the east into the Tasman Sea from those that flow west into the drainage of the Murray–Darling basin (and thence to the Southern Ocean) or into inland waters, such as Lake Eyre, which lie below sea level, or else evaporate rapidly. The Great Dividing Range reaches its greatest heights in the Australian Alps.

The Australian Alps consist of two biogeographic subregions: the Snowy Mountains including the Brindabella Range, located in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory; and the Victorian Alps, located in Victoria. The latter region is also known as the "High Country", particularly within a cultural or historical context.

History

Ecology

The Australian Alps are important for conservation, recreation, and as a water drainage basin, with much of their eastern slopes having its runoff diverted artificially into the Murray River and its tributary the Murrumbidgee River through the civil engineering project of the Snowy Mountains Scheme.

They are protected by large national parks, in particular the Kosciuszko National Park in New South Wales and the Alpine National Park in Victoria. These are managed cooperatively as Australian Alps National Parks by agencies of the Australian Government and the state governments of this region.

The Australian Alps also contain the only skiing areas of mainland Australia. Along with the town of Cabramurra, New South Wales, these are practically the only permanent settlements in the area. Several medium-sized towns can be found in the valleys below the foothills, such as Jindabyne, New South Wales, Corryong, Victoria, and Mount Beauty.

The Australian Alps are not as high or as steep as the Alps of Europe, New Zealand's Southern Alps, or the Andes Mountains, and most of their peaks can be reached without using mountaineering equipment.

Birds

The Australian Alps have been classified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area. Their montane forests and woodlands support large breeding populations of flame robins and pilotbirds.^[5]

Insects

The bogong moth seasonally migrates long distances towards and from the Australian Alps and gregariously aestivates in caves and other sites throughout the mountain range during the summer in order to avoid high temperatures and lack of larval food resources.^[6] The moth is a food source for many species living within the region, such as the endangered mountain pygmy possum.^[7] However, the moth has also been a biovector of arsenic, transporting it from lowland feeding sites over long distances into the mountains, leading to the bioaccumulation of the element in the environment and animals in the mountain range.^[7]

Bushfires

Due to its mostly hot, dry climate, bushfires in Australia occur frequently, particularly in the well forested areas of the Australian Alps. The Alps, particularly the Victorian Alps, are periodically subject to major bushfires and have been almost entirely burnt through by bushfires on various occasions, notably; Black Thursday in 1851, Black Friday (1939), and during fires in 2003 and 2006-07.

Certain native flora in Australia have evolved to rely on bushfires as a means of reproduction and fire events are an interwoven and an essential part of the ecology of the continent. In some eucalypt and banksia species, for example, fire causes seed pods to open, allowing them to germinate. Fire also encourages the growth of new grassland plants. Other species have adapted to recover quickly from fire.

Nevertheless, damage to surrounding human habitations and native fauna can be extensive and occasionally catastrophic. The 2003 Canberra bushfires severely affected almost 70% of the Australian Capital Territory’s pasture, forests (pine plantations) and nature parks. After burning for a week through the Brindabella Ranges above Canberra, the fires entered the suburbs of the city on 18 January 2003. Four people died and more than 500 homes were destroyed or severely damaged. The Victorian Black Saturday bushfires were particularly intense in parts of the Victorian Highcountry and destroyed several towns, including Kinglake and Marysville. The fires killed 173 people, Australia's highest ever loss of life from a bushfire.^[8] Statewide, the fires affected 78 townships and destroyed over 2,030 houses, 3,500+ structures.^[9]

Effects of climate change

In the spring and summer seasons of 2017-8 and 2018-9, dramatic drops in numbers of the moths in the Alpine caves were observed. According to Professor Eric Warrant of Lund University in Sweden, the drop in numbers was probably caused by a lack of rainfall due to winter drought in their breeding areas and climate change, the lack of rain producing insufficient vegetation to feed the caterpillars. Other biologists and ecologists have pointed to the dramatic effect on animals which feed on the moths, which are an important source of protein for wildlife, including the threatened mountain pygmy possum as well as other insectivorous mammals and birds. "The vulnerability of the Australian Alps to climate change is the worst in the world because we've got these short little mountains so when it gets warmer, there is nowhere for these cold-adapted species to go.", according to Euan Ritchie, a wildlife ecologist at Deakin University.^[10]

Alpine huts

Within the Australian Alps there are about 120 active alpine huts that mostly date back to the early cattlemen's days, early skiing huts, and early research and surveying huts. Many of these have remained in use by fly fishers (seasonal), hikers and skiing groups throughout the year. Most of these huts are maintained by volunteers through the Kosciuszko Huts Association and the local National Parks and Wildlife Service.

Some of the more noteworthy huts include Moscow Villa Hut, Valentine Hut, Seaman's Hut and Mawsons Hut. In recent years many huts have been lost through lack of maintenance and bush fire - as occurred with the Pretty Plain Hut and Mount Franklin Chalet, which were destroyed by the Canberra bushfires of 2003.

Gallery

Attractions

• Australian Alps Walking Track: a long distance walking trail through the alpine areas of Victoria, New South Wales, and the ACT. It is {{convert|655|km}} long, starting at Walhalla, Victoria and running through to Tharwa, ACT near Canberra.

New South Wales

• Mount Kosciuszko, Australia's highest peak at {{convert|2228|m}} above sea level
• Kosciuszko National Park
• Snowy Mountains
• Alpine Way
• Barry Way
• Snowy Mountains Highway
• Snowy Mountains Scheme
  • Lake Eucumbene
  • Lake Jindabyne
• Yarrangobilly Caves
• Kiandra gold & skifields (where Skiing in Australia began in the 1860s).
• Trout fishing in New South Wales
• Skiing in New South Wales

Victoria

• Alpine National Park
• Avon Wilderness Park
• Baw Baw National Park
• Mount Buffalo National Park
• Mount Bogong, Victoria's highest peak at {{convert|1986|m}} above sea level
• Mount Feathertop
• Mount Skene scenic reserve
• Bogong High Plains
• Great Alpine Road
• National Alpine Museum
• Lake Tali Karng
• Skiing in Victoria

Australian Capital Territory

• Namadgi National Park
• Bimberi Nature Reserve
• Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve
• Bimberi Peak, the ACT's highest peak at {{convert|1912|m}} above sea level
• Tharwa Road
• Corin Forest
• Mount Franklin (Australian Capital Territory)
• Skiing in the Australian Capital Territory

Resort skiing areas

The Australian Alps are the main region in which skiing in Australia takes place (although skiing is also possible in Tasmania). Skiable terrain stretches through large areas of territory from June to October. New South Wales is home to Australia's highest snow country, oldest skifields and largest resort. Recreational skiing in Australia began around 1861 at Kiandra, New South Wales, when Norwegian gold miners introduced the idea to the frozen hills around the town.^[11] The first and longest surviving ski club in the world, The Kiandra Snow Shoe Club is believed to have been formed at Kiandra in that year.^[12][13] Steeper slopes and more reliable snows lie further to the south and in the 20th century, the focus of recreational skiing in New South Wales shifted southward, to mountains in and around the Kosciuszko Main Range region, where Australia's best vertical drop is found at Thredbo and Australia's biggest resort, Perisher is now found. The State of Victoria is the one with the largest number of skiing areas in Australia.^[14]

Cross country skiing is possible in the Australian Capital Territory as well as in New South Wales and Victoria, but downhill skiing can only be done in New South Wales and Victoria:

New South Wales

• Perisher
  • Perisher Valley
  • Guthega
  • Mount Blue Cow
  • Smiggin Holes
• Thredbo
• Charlotte Pass
• Selwyn Snowfields

Victoria

• Mount Buller
• Falls Creek
• Mount Hotham
• Dinner Plain
• Mount Baw Baw
• Mount Buffalo
• Lake Mountain (cross country)
• Mount Stirling (cross country)
• Mount St Gwinear (cross country)
• Mount Donna Buang (snow play)

Panoramas

References

External links

• Australian Alps National Parks official website

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