词条 | Sprint (running) |
释义 |
In athletics and track and field, sprints (or dashes) are races over short distances. They are among the oldest running competitions, being recorded at the Ancient Olympic Games. Three sprints are currently held at the modern Summer Olympics and outdoor World Championships: the 100 metres, 200 metres, and 400 metres. At the professional level, sprinters begin the race by assuming a crouching position in the starting blocks before leaning forward and gradually moving into an upright position as the race progresses and momentum is gained. The set position differs depending on the start. Body alignment is of key importance in producing the optimal amount of force. Ideally the athlete should begin in a 4-point stance and push off using both legs for maximum force production.[1] Athletes remain in the same lane on the running track throughout all sprinting events,[2] with the sole exception of the 400 m indoors. Races up to 100 m are largely focused upon acceleration to an athlete's maximum speed.[1] All sprints beyond this distance increasingly incorporate an element of endurance.[3] {{TOCLimit|3}}History{{Expand section|small=no|1=historical records of sprinting after the Ancient Olympics but before 1896|section=1|date=March 2019}}The first 13 editions of the Ancient Olympic Games featured only one event—the stadion race, which was a spriting race from one end of the stadium to the other.[4] The Diaulos (Δίαυλος, "double pipe") was a double-stadion race, {{circa|{{convert|400|m|abbr=off}}}}, introduced in the 14th Olympiad of the ancient Olympic Games (724{{nbsp}}BC). The modern sprinting events have their roots in races of imperial measurements which were later altered to metric: the 100 m evolved from the 100-yard dash,[5] the 200 m distance came from the furlong (or {{frac|8}} mile),[6] and the 400 m was the successor to the 440-yard dash or quarter-mile race.[2] Biological factors for runnersBiological factors that determine a sprinter's potential include: {{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
CompetitionsCommon contemporary distances60 m
Note: Indoor distances are less standardized as many facilities run shorter or occasionally longer distances depending on available space. 60m is the championship distance. 100 m
200 m
400 m
Relay
Historical and uncommon distances50 yards (45.72 m)
50 mThe 50 metres is an uncommon event and alternative to the 60 metres. Donovan Bailey holds the men's world record with a time of 5.56 seconds and Irina Privalova holds the women's world record with a time of 5.96 seconds. 60 yards (54.864 m){{main|60-yard dash}}
55 mThe 55 metres is an uncommon event that resulted from the metrication of the 60 yards, and is an alternative to the 60 metres. 70 Yards
100 yards (91.44 m)
150 m
StadionThe stadion, also known as the stade, was the standard short distance sprint in ancient Greece and ran the length of a stadium. However, stadiums could vary in size and there was apparently no definite standard length for them e.g. the stadium at Delphi measures 177 m and the one at Pergamon 210 m.[13] 300 m
DiaulosThe diaulos was an event contested in the Ancient Greek Olympia that was double the length of a stadion. RulesThe startStarting blocks are used for all competition sprint (up to and including 400 m) and relay events (first leg only, up to 4x400 m).[15] The starting blocks consist of two adjustable footplates attached to a rigid frame. Races commence with the firing of the starter's gun.[15] The starting commands are "On your marks" and "Set".[15] Once all athletes are in the set position, the starter's gun is fired, officially starting the race. For the 100 m, all competitors are lined up side-by-side. For the 200 m, 300 m and 400 m, which involve curves, runners are staggered for the start. In the rare event that there are technical issues with a start, a green card is shown to all the athletes. The green card carries no penalty. If an athlete is unhappy with track conditions after the "on your marks" command is given, the athlete must raise a hand before the "set" command and provide the Start referee with a reason. It is then up to the Start referee to decide if the reason is valid. In the event that the Start referee deems the reason invalid, a yellow card (warning) is issued to that particular athlete. In the event that the athlete is already on a warning the athlete is disqualified. False starts{{mainarticle|False start#Athletics (track and field)}}According to the IAAF rules, "An athlete, after assuming a full and final set position, shall not commence his starting motion until after receiving the report of the gun, or approved starting apparatus. If, in the judgement of the Starter or Recallers, he does so any earlier, it shall be deemed a false start."[15] The 100 m Olympic Gold and Silver medallist Linford Christie of Great Britain famously had frequent false starts that were marginally below the legal reaction time of 0.1 seconds. Christie and his coach, Ron Roddan, both claimed that the false starts were due to Christie's exceptional reaction times being under the legal time. His frequent false starting eventually led to his disqualification from the 1996 Summer Olympics 100 m final in Atlanta, Georgia, US due to a second false start by Christie. Since January 2010, under IAAF rules, a single false start by an athlete results in disqualification. In 2012, a new development to the false start rule was added. Because certain athletes could be disqualified for twitching in the starting blocks but some athletes could make a twitch without the starter noticing and disqualifying the athlete, it was decided that twitching in the starting block while being in the 'set' position would only carry a maximum penalty of a yellow card or a warning. In order to instantly be disqualified for a false start, an athlete's hands must leave the track or their feet must leave the starting blocks, while the athlete is in their final 'set' position. LanesFor all Olympic sprint events, runners must remain within their pre-assigned lanes, which measure 1.22 metres (4 feet) wide, from start to finish.[16] The lanes can be numbered 1 through 8, 9, or rarely 10, starting with the inside lane. Any athlete who runs outside the assigned lane to gain an advantage is subject to disqualification. If the athlete is forced to run outside of his or her lane by another person, and no material advantage is gained, there will be no disqualification. Also, a runner who strays from his or her lane in the straightaway, or crosses the outer line of his or her lane on the bend, and gains no advantage by it, will not be disqualified as long as no other runner is obstructed. The finishThe first athlete whose torso reaches the vertical plane of the closest edge of the finish line is the winner. To ensure that the sprinter's torso triggers the timing impulse at the finish line rather than an arm, foot, or other body part, a double Photocell is commonly used. Times are only recorded by an electronic timing system when both of these Photocells are simultaneously blocked. Photo finish systems are also used at some track and field events. Sprint trainingWhile genetics play a large role in one's ability to sprint,[17][18][19] athletes must be dedicated to their training to ensure that they can optimize their performances. Sprint training includes various running workouts, targeting acceleration, speed development, speed endurance, special endurance, and tempo endurance. Additionally, athletes perform intense strength training workouts, as well as plyometric or jumping workouts. Collectively, these training methods produce qualities which allow athletes to be stronger, more powerful, in hopes of ultimately running faster.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} See also
Notes and references1. ^1 100 m – For the Expert. IAAF. Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 2. ^1 2 400 m Introduction. IAAF. Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 3. ^200 m For the Expert. IAAF. Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 4. ^Instone, Stephen (15 November 2009). The Olympics: Ancient versus Modern. BBC. Retrieved on 23 March 2010. 5. ^100 m – Introduction. IAAF. Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 6. ^200 m Introduction. IAAF. Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 7. ^Quinn, Elizabeth (2007-10-30). Fast and Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers About.com. Retrieved on 2009-02-01. 8. ^Jad Adrian (6 March 2011). Complete Sprinting Technique. Retrieved on 30 April 2011 9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaaf.org/records/by-category/world-records|title=IAAF: World Records {{!}} iaaf.org|website=iaaf.org|access-date=2016-08-15}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/fitness/index.html|title=President's Council on Sports, Fitness & Nutrition (PCSFN)|date=10 January 2017|website=HHS.gov}} 11. ^Bolt runs 14.35 sec for 150m; covers 50m-150m in 8.70 sec!. IAAF (2009-05-17). Retrieved on 2009-05-17. 12. ^{{Youtube|h0d69bXakUo|New World Best over 150m for Usain Bolt from Universal Sports}} 13. ^Spivey, Nigel, The Ancient Olympics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 111–112 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://olympics.nbcsports.com/2017/06/28/wayde-van-niekerk-michael-johnson-300-meters-world-record-video/|title=Wayde van Niekerk breaks another Michael Johnson record |publisher=olympics.nbcsports.com|date= 2017-06-28|accessdate=2017-06-29}} 15. ^1 2 3 Competition Rules 2012-13, IAAF 16. ^2009 USATF Competition Rules, Rule 160(1) 17. ^{{Cite journal|last=Lombardo|first=Michael P.|last2=Deaner|first2=Robert O.|date=2014-06-26|title=You can't teach speed: sprinters falsify the deliberate practice model of expertise|journal=PeerJ|language=en|volume=2|pages=e445|doi=10.7717/peerj.445|issn=2167-8359|pmc=4081292|pmid=25024914}} 18. ^{{cite journal|title=ACTN3 and ACE genotypes in elite Jamaican and US sprinters|first1=Robert A.|last1=Scott|first2=Rachael|last2=Irving|first3=Laura|last3=Irwin|first4=Errol|last4=Morrison|first5=Vilma|last5=Charlton|first6=Krista|last6=Austin|first7=Dawn|last7=Tladi|first8=Michael|last8=Deason|first9=Samuel A.|last9=Headley|first10=Fred W.|last10=Kolkhorst|first11=Nan|last11=Yang|first12=Kathryn|last12=North|first13=Yannis P.|last13=Pitsiladis|date=1 January 2010|publisher=|journal=Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise|volume=42|issue=1|pages=107–112|doi=10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181ae2bc0|pmid=20010124}} 19. ^{{cite journal|title=Genes for elite power and sprint performance: ACTN3 leads the way|first1=Nir|last1=Eynon|first2=Erik D.|last2=Hanson|first3=Alejandro|last3=Lucia|first4=Peter J.|last4=Houweling|first5=Fleur|last5=Garton|first6=Kathryn N.|last6=North|first7=David J.|last7=Bishop|date=1 September 2013|publisher=|journal=Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)|volume=43|issue=9|pages=803–817|doi=10.1007/s40279-013-0059-4|pmid=23681449}} External links
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