| 词条 | Stanley Fischer |
| 释义 |
|name = Stanley Fischer |image = Stanley Fischer (14152693510).jpg |office = Vice Chairman of the Federal Reserve |president = Barack Obama Donald Trump |term_start = June 16, 2014 |term_end = October 13, 2017 |predecessor = Janet Yellen |successor = Richard Clarida |office1 = Member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve |nominator1 = Barack Obama |term_start1 = May 21, 2014 |term_end1 = October 13, 2017 |predecessor1 = Ben Bernanke |successor1 = Michelle Bowman |office2 = Governor of the Bank of Israel |primeminister2 = Ariel Sharon Ehud Olmert Benjamin Netanyahu |term_start2 = May 1, 2005 |term_end2 = June 30, 2013 |predecessor2 = David Klein |successor2 = Karnit Flug |office3 = First Deputy Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund |1blankname3 = Director |1namedata3 = Michel Camdessus Horst Köhler |term_start3 = September 1, 1994 |term_end3 = August 31, 2001 |predecessor3 = Position established |successor3 = Ann Krueger |office4 = Chief Economist of the World Bank |president4 = Barber Conable |term_start4 = January 1988 |term_end4 = August 1990 |predecessor4 = Ann Krueger |successor4 = Larry Summers |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1943|10|15}} |birth_place = Mazabuka, Northern Rhodesia {{small|(now Zambia)}} |death_date = |death_place = |education = London School of Economics {{small|(BS, MS)}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology {{small|(PhD)}} |signature = Stanley Fischer (סטנלי פישר) Signature 2010.png |module = {{Infobox economist |child = yes |field = Macroeconomics |school_tradition = New Keynesian economics |doctoral_advisor = Franklin M. Fisher[1] |doctoral_students = Zvi Bodie[2] Isher Judge Ahluwalia[3] Frederic Mishkin[4] Steven M. Sheffrin[5] Olivier Blanchard[6] Ben Bernanke[7] David Hsieh[8] Kenneth D. West[9] Greg Mankiw[10] Jeffrey Miron[11] Mark Bils[12] David Romer[13] Ricardo J. Caballero[14] D. Nathan Sheets[15] Ilan Goldfajn[16]}} }}Stanley Fischer ({{lang-he|סטנלי פישר}}; born October 15, 1943) is an Israeli American economist and former vice chairman of the Federal Reserve. Born in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), he holds dual citizenship in Israel and the United States.[17] He served as governor of the Bank of Israel from 2005 to 2013. He previously served as chief economist at the World Bank.[18] On January 10, 2014, United States President Barack Obama nominated Fischer to be Vice-Chairman of the US Federal Reserve Board of Governors. On September 6, 2017, Stanley Fischer announced that he was resigning as Vice-Chairman for personal reasons effective October 13, 2017.[19] Early life and educationFischer was born into a Jewish family in Mazabuka, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). When he was 13, his family moved to Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), where he became active in the Habonim Zionist youth movement. In 1960, he visited Israel as part of a winter program for youth leaders, and studied Hebrew at kibbutz Ma'agan Michael. He had originally planned to study at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, but went to the United Kingdom to study after receiving a scholarship from the London School of Economics, and obtained his B.Sc. and M.Sc. in economics from 1962–1966. Fischer then moved to the United States to study at MIT, and earned a Ph.D. in economics in 1969 with a thesis titled Essays on assets and contingent commodities written under the supervision of Franklin M. Fisher.[20][21] He became an American citizen in 1976. Academic careerIn the early 1970s, Fischer worked as an associate professor at the University of Chicago. He served as a professor at the MIT Department of Economics from 1977 to 1988. In 1977, Fischer wrote the paper "Long-Term Contracts, Rational Expectations, and the Optimal Money Supply Rule"[22] where he combined the idea of rational expectations argued by New classical economists like Robert Lucas with the idea that price stickiness still led to some degree of market shortcomings that an active monetary policy could help mitigate in times of economic downturns. The paper made Fischer a central figure in New Keynesian economics.[23][24] Through this critique of new classical macroeconomics Fischer significantly contributed to clarifying the limits of the policy-ineffectiveness proposition.[25] He authored three popular economics textbooks, Macroeconomics (with Rüdiger Dornbusch and Richard Startz), Lectures on Macroeconomics (with Olivier Blanchard), and the introductory Economics, with David Begg and Rüdiger Dornbusch. He was also Ben Bernanke's, Mario Draghi's and Greg Mankiw's Ph.D. thesis advisor.[26] In 2012, Fischer served as Humanitas Visiting Professor in Economic Thought at the University of Oxford.[27] Banking careerFrom January 1988 to August 1990 he was Vice President, Development Economics and Chief Economist at the World Bank. He then became the First Deputy Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), from September 1994 until the end of August 2001. By the end of 2001, Fischer had joined the influential Washington-based financial advisory body, the Group of Thirty. After leaving the IMF, he served as Vice Chairman of Citigroup, President of Citigroup International, and Head of the Public Sector Client Group. Fischer was an executive at Citigroup from February 2002 to April 2005, earning millions of dollars in salary and stock.[28] Central BanksBank of IsraelFischer was appointed Governor of the Bank of Israel in January 2005 by the Israeli cabinet, after being recommended by Prime Minister Ariel Sharon and Finance Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. He took the position on May 1, 2005, replacing David Klein, who ended his term on January 16, 2005. Fischer became an Israeli citizen but did not renounce U.S. citizenship.[29][30][31] He had been involved in the past with the Bank of Israel, having served as an American government adviser to Israel's economic stabilization program in 1985. On May 2, 2010, Fischer was sworn in for a second term.[32] Under his management, in 2010, the Bank of Israel was ranked first among central banks for its efficient functioning, according to IMD's World Competitiveness Yearbook.[33] Fischer has earned plaudits across the board for his handling of the Israeli economy in the aftermath of the global financial crisis. In September 2009, the Bank of Israel was the first bank in the developed world to raise its interest rates.[34] In 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012 Fischer received an "A" rating on the Central Banker Report Card published by Global Finance magazine.[35][36] In June 2011, Fischer applied for the post of IMF managing director to replace Dominique Strauss-Kahn, but was barred as the IMF stipulates that a new managing director must be no older than 65, and he was 67 at the time.[37] On June 30, 2013, Fischer stepped down as governor of the Bank of Israel midway through his second term,[38] despite high popularity.[39] U.S. Federal ReserveAmerican President Barack Obama nominated Fischer as vice chair of the Federal Reserve System, the United States' central bank, in January 2014. In nominating Fischer for the position, Obama stated he brought decades of leadership and expertise from various roles, including serving at the International Monetary Fund and the Bank of Israel.[40] On May 21, 2014, the Senate confirmed Fischer's appointment to the Federal Reserve Board of Governors.[41] In a separate vote on June 12, he was confirmed as the vice chair.[41] Fischer succeeded Janet Yellen as vice chair; Yellen became chair of the Federal Reserve earlier in 2014. Fischer resigned for personal reasons in mid-October, 2017, 8 months before the June, 2018, expiry of his term as vice chair.[42][43] RecognitionFischer received an honorary doctorate from Hebrew University in 2006.[44] In October 2010, Fischer was declared Central Bank Governor of the Year by Euromoney magazine.[45] He is a member of the Bilderberg Group and attended its conferences in 1996, 1998 and 1999. Apparently he also attended the Bilderberg conference in 2011 in St. Moritz, Switzerland.[46] However, his name does not show up on the list of participants for the year 2011 as of March 2016. He is also a Distinguished Fellow in the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Fischer was named a Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association in 2013. He is also a member of the Inter-American Dialogue.[47] Personal lifeFischer is married to Rhoda Fischer (née Keet), whom he met during his days in Habonim. The couple has three children. When they moved to Israel, Rhoda became honorary president of Aleh Negev, a rehabilitation village for the disabled. References1. ^{{cite thesis |last=Fisher |first=Stanley |date=1969 |title=Essays on assets and contingent commodities |type=Ph.D. |publisher=MIT |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/13873 |accessdate=25 May 2017}} 2. ^{{cite thesis |last=Bodie |first=Zvi |date=1975 |title=Hedging against inflation |type=Ph.D. |publisher=MIT |url=http://library.mit.edu/item/000027143 |accessdate=23 May 2017}} 3. ^{{cite thesis |last=Ahluwalia |first=Isher Judge |date=1976 |title=A macro-econometric model of the Indian economy analyzing inflation during 1951-1973 |type=Ph.D. |publisher=MIT |url=http://library.mit.edu/item/000036081 |accessdate=30 May 2017}} 4. ^{{cite thesis |last=Mishkin |first=Frederic Stanley |date=1976 |title=Illiquidity, the demand for consumer durables, and monetary policy |type=Ph.D. |publisher=MIT |url=http://library.mit.edu/item/000036096 |accessdate=24 May 2017}} 5. ^{{cite thesis |last=Sheffrin |first=Steven M. |date=1976 |title=Rational expectations and employment fluctuations |type=Ph.D. |publisher=MIT |url=http://library.mit.edu/item/000029234 |accessdate=31 May 2017}} 6. ^{{cite thesis |last=Blanchard |first=Olivier |date=1977 |title=Two essays on economic fluctuations |type=Ph.D. |publisher=MIT |url=http://library.mit.edu/item/000057369 |accessdate=1 February 2017}} 7. ^{{cite thesis |last=Bernanke |first=Ben |date=1979 |title=Long-term commitments, dynamic optimization, and the business cycle |type=PhD |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/29839/05915220-MIT.pdf?sequence=2 |accessdate=23 October 2016}} 8. ^{{cite thesis |last=Hsieh |first=David Arthur |date=1981 |title=Expectations and efficiencies in international markets |type=Ph.D. |publisher=MIT |url=http://library.mit.edu/item/000117075 |accessdate=27 May 2017}} 9. ^{{cite thesis |last=West |first=Kenneth D. |date=1983 |title=Inventory models and backlog costs : an empirical investigation |type=Ph.D. |publisher=MIT |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/15498/11248849-MIT.pdf?sequence=2 |accessdate=16 March 2017}} 10. ^{{cite web |title=A Profile of Stanley Fischer |url=http://gregmankiw.blogspot.jp/2013/02/a-profile-of-stanley-fischer.html |publisher=GREG MANKIW'S BLOG |date=September 19, 2016}} 11. ^{{cite thesis |last=Miron |first=Jeffrey Alan |date= 1984 |title=The economics of seasonal time series |type=Ph.D. |publisher=MIT |url=http://library.mit.edu/item/000219612 |accessdate=27 May 2017}} 12. ^{{cite thesis |last=Bils |first=Mark |date=1985 |title=Essays on the cyclical behavior of cost and price |type=Ph.D. |publisher=MIT |url=http://library.mit.edu/item/000239735 |accessdate=27 May 2017}} 13. ^{{cite thesis |last=Romer |first=David |date=1985 |title=General equilibrium analysis of government financial policies |type=Ph.D. |publisher=MIT |url=http://library.mit.edu/item/000241700 |accessdate=24 May 2017}} 14. ^{{cite thesis |last=Caballero |first=Ricardo J. |date=1988 |title=The Stochastic Behavior of Consumption and Savings |type=Ph.D. |publisher=MIT |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/99793/20002978-MIT.pdf?sequence=1#page=4 |accessdate=17 October 2016}} 15. ^{{cite thesis |last=Sheets |first=D. Nathan |date=1993 |title=Essays in intersectoral economics: exchange rates, public capital and productivity |type=Ph.D. |publisher=MIT |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/12708 |accessdate=27 May 2017}} 16. ^{{cite thesis |last=Goldfajn |first=Ilan |date=1995 |title=On public debt and exchange rates |type=Ph.D. |publisher=MIT |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/11082 |accessdate=25 May 2017}} 17. ^Stanley Fischer firms as top choice to become US Fed vice, The Sydney Morning Herald, via Bloomberg News, December 12, 2013. 18. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/13/business/global/13fischer.html | work=The New York Times | first=Jack | last=Ewing | title=Bank of Israel Chief Enters Race to Lead I.M.F | date=12 June 2011}} 19. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/other20170906b.htm|title=Stanley Fischer submits resignation as a member of the Board of Governors, effective on or around October 13, 2017|work=Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System|access-date=2017-09-06|language=en}} 20. ^{{cite document | title = Essays on assets and contingent commodities | first = Stanley | last = Fischer | publisher = DSpace@MIT |hdl = 1721.1/13873|year = 1969}} 21. ^{{MathGenealogy|id=137386}} 22. ^Stanley Fischer (1977) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1828335?origin=JSTOR-pdf Long-Term Contracts, Rational Expectations, and the Optimal Money Supply Rule] Journal of Political Economy. 23. ^Binyamim Appelbaum (December 12, 2013) [https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/12/12/young-stanley-fischer-and-the-keynesian-counterrevolution/ Young Stanley Fischer and the Keynesian Counterrevolution] New York Times. Retrieved 15 December 2014 24. ^Dylan Matthews (January 13, 2014) [https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/01/13/stanley-fischer-saved-israel-from-the-great-recession-now-janet-yellen-wants-him-to-help-save-the-u-s/ Stanley Fischer saved Israel from the Great Recession. Now Janet Yellen wants him to help save the U.S.] Washington Post. Retrieved January 15, 2014 25. ^{{cite book |last=Galbács |first=Peter |title=The Theory of New Classical Macroeconomics. A Positive Critique |location=Heidelberg/New York/Dordrecht/London |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn= 978-3-319-17578-2 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-17578-2 |series=Contributions to Economics }} 26. ^{{cite web |url=http://gregmankiw.blogspot.com/2011/05/good-news.html |title=Good News|date=18 May 2011|publisher=Greg Mankiw's Blog}} 27. ^"Humanitas Visiting Professorship in Economic Thought" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512135045/http://www.strategicdialogue.org/events/items/humanitas-economic-fischer |date=2013-05-12 }}, Institute for Strategic Thought, University of Oxford, 5–6 November 2012. 28. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/13/business/economy/stanley-fischer-fed-nominee-has-long-history-of-policy-leadership.html "Stanley Fischer, Fed Nominee, Has Long History of Policy Leadership"], New York Times, March 12, 2014. 29. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304259304576380053947526230|title= Israel's Stanley Fischer Announces Bid to Head the IMF|first= Joshua|last= Mitnick|date= 13 June 2011|website= |publisher= Wall Street Journal |accessdate=30 December 2012}} 30. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-06-12/fischer-s-age-nationality-are-hurdles-in-bid-for-imf-post.html|title= Fischer's Age, Nationality Are Hurdles in Bid for IMF Post|first= Alisa |last=Odenheimer|date= 12 June 2011|website= |publisher= Bloomberg News |accessdate=30 December 2012}} 31. ^{{cite web|url= http://archive.globes.co.il/searchgl/Stanley%20Fischer%20will%20not%20have%20to%20give%20up%20US%20citizenship_s_hd_0L3OuEJOqN3WtDJOrDYveT6ri.html|title= Bach c'tee approves Fischer|first= Zeev|last= Klein|date= 19 January 2005|website= |publisher= Globes|accessdate= 30 December 2012|deadurl= yes|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130310130206/http://archive.globes.co.il/searchgl/Stanley%20Fischer%20will%20not%20have%20to%20give%20up%20US%20citizenship_s_hd_0L3OuEJOqN3WtDJOrDYveT6ri.html|archivedate= 10 March 2013|df= }} 32. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000556585&fid=942 |title= Stanley Fischer sworn in for second term|first= Adrian|last= Filut|date= 2 May 2010|website= |publisher= Globes |accessdate=2 May 2010}} 33. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3891801,00.html |title=Israel's economy most durable in face of crises |publisher=ynetnews.com |date=20 May 2010 |last=Viniar |first=Olga |accessdate=23 October 2010}} 34. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/israel-central-bank-first-in-developed-world-to-raise-interest-1.282630 |title=Israel central bank first in developed world to raise interest |last1=Levy |first1=Tal |last2=Bassok |first2=Moti |date=25 August 2009 |accessdate=23 October 2010 |publisher=Haaretz}} 35. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gfmag.com/tools/best-banks/2479-the-worlds-top-central-bankers-2009.html |title=World's Top Central Bankers 2009 |date=28 September 2010 |accessdate=23 October 2010 |publisher=Global Finance}} 36. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gfmag.com/tools/best-banks/10618-worlds-top-central-bankers-2010.html |title=Global Finance Magazine names the World's Top Central Bankers 2010 |date=9 September 2010 |accessdate=23 October 2010 |publisher=Global Finance}} 37. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/13/imf-candidates-idUSN1314405820110613 |title=Lagarde, Carstens shortlisted for IMF race-officials |date=13 June 2011 |publisher=Reuters |first=Lesley |last=Wroughton}} 38. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4338601,00.html |title=Stanley Fischer to step down as BOI chief |date=29 January 2013 |accessdate=30 January 2013 |publisher=Ynet News}} 39. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/02/15/stan-fischer-saved-israels-economy-can-he-save-Americas|title=Stan Fischer saved Israel's economy. Can he save America's?|author=Dylan Matthews|date=15 February 2013|work=Washington Post}} 40. ^{{cite web|last1=AP, Reuters|title=Obama Nominates Former Bank of Israel Chief Stanley Fischer as Fed Vice Chairman|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/world/1.567961|publisher=Ha'aretz|accessdate=6 January 2018}} 41. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Puzzanghera|first1=Jim|title=Senate confirms Brainard, Powell for Fed seats, Fischer as vice chair|publisher=The Los Angeles Times|date=June 12, 2014}} 42. ^{{cite web|last1=Liesman|first1=Steve|title=Larry Lindsey being considered for Fed vice chair job: Sources|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/12/21/larry-lindsey-being-considered-for-fed-vice-chair-job-sources.html|publisher=CNBC|accessdate=6 January 2018|date=2017-12-21}} 43. ^{{cite web|last1=Reuters|title=Stanley Fischer Quits No. 2 Post At Federal Reserve|url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/381961/stanley-fischer-quits-no-2-post-at-federal-reserve/|publisher=Forward Magazine|accessdate=6 January 2018}} 44. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bis.org/review/r060620c.pdf |title=Stanley Fischer: The Israeli economy |publisher=bis.org |accessdate=23 October 2010}} 45. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.euromoney.com/Article/2682278/Central-bank-governor-of-the-year-2010-Stanley-Fischers-bold-moves-show-the-value-of-experience.html?single=true |title=Central bank governor of the year 2010: Stanley Fischer's bold moves show the value of experience |date=October 2010 |publisher=Euromoney }} 46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/participants_2011.html |title=Bilderberg 2011 list of participants |publisher=BilderbergMeetings.org |accessdate=August 24, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828210925/http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/participants_2011.html |archivedate=August 28, 2011 |df= }} 47. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedialogue.org/experts/?iad_experttype=75|title=Inter-American Dialogue {{!}} Experts|website=www.thedialogue.org|access-date=2017-04-11}} External links
|-{{s-new|office}}{{s-ttl|title=First Deputy Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund|years=1994–2001}}{{s-aft|after=Ann Krueger}} |-{{s-gov}}{{s-bef|before=David Klein}}{{s-ttl|title=Governor of the Bank of Israel|years=2005–2013}}{{s-aft|after=Karnit Flug}} |-{{s-bef|before=Janet Yellen}}{{s-ttl|title=Vice Chairman of the Federal Reserve|years=2014–2017}}{{s-aft|after=Richard Clarida}}{{s-end}}{{Keynesians}}{{Governors of the Bank of Israel}}{{Citigroup}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Fischer, Stanley}} 33 : 1943 births|Alumni of the London School of Economics|American emigrants to Israel|American Jews|Central bankers|Citigroup employees|Federal Reserve System governors|Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|Fellows of the Econometric Society|Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association|Governors of the Bank of Israel|Group of Thirty|Guggenheim Fellows|Honorary Fellows of the London School of Economics|International finance economists|Israeli economists|Israeli Jews|Living people|Macroeconomists|New Keynesian economists|Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni|Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty|MIT Sloan School of Management faculty|Naturalized citizens of Israel|Rhodesian Jews|World Bank Chief Economists|Zambian emigrants to the United States|Zambian Jews|20th-century American economists|21st-century American economists|American officials of the United Nations|Israeli officials of the United Nations|Peterson Institute for International Economics |
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