| 词条 | Operation Crimson |
| 释义 |
| conflict = Operation Crimson | partof = the Pacific Theatre of World War II | image = Aerial photography of HMS Victorious.jpg | image_size = 300px | caption = HMS Victorious, a lead vessel of the attack. | date = 25 July 1944 | place = Netherlands East Indies | territory = | result = Limited Allied operational success
| combatant1 = {{flag|United Kingdom}} {{flag|Australia}} {{flag|Netherlands}} {{flagdeco|France|1830}} France | combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan}} | combatant3 = | commander1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom|naval}} James Somerville | commander2 ={{flagicon|Empire of Japan|army}} Moritake Tanabe | commander3 = | strength1 = 2 aircraft carriers 4 battleships 6 cruisers 10 destroyers 2 submarines 34–39 fighters | strength2 = Shore defences 2 recon aircraft 9–10 fighters | strength3 = | casualties1 = Unknown human losses 1 cruiser damaged 2 destroyers damaged 2 fighters destroyed | casualties2 = Unknown human losses 2 recon aircraft destroyed 2 fighters destroyed 2 fighters damaged | casualties3 = Civilian Casualties: 1 war correspondent on an Allied ship was killed | notes = | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Bombing of SE Asia 1944-45}} | casus = }}{{Campaignbox South-East Asia}} Operation Crimson was a British-led naval operation in World War II, the objective being simultaneous naval bombardment and aerial strikes on Japanese airfields in the Indonesian cities of Sabang, Lhoknga and Kutaraja,[1] to be launched from aircraft carriers in the Indian Ocean on 25 July 1944. PlanUnlike some earlier operations which had used small forces for harassment and diversion of the Japanese, Operation Crimson was "a full-blooded operation" designed to "make a mess of the air base and harbour installations and wreck any vessels found sheltering there."[2] Sailing from Trincomalee, under the command of Admiral James Somerville,[3] were two aircraft carriers ({{HMS|Victorious|R38|6}} and Illustrious) with four battleships {{HMS|Queen Elizabeth|1913|6}}, {{HMS|Valiant|1914|6}}, {{HMS|Renown|1916|6}}, and the French battleship Richelieu, as well as six cruisers ({{HMS|Ceylon|30|2}}, {{HMS|Cumberland|57|2}}, {{HMS|Gambia|48|2}}, {{HMS|Nigeria|60|2}}, {{HMS|Phoebe|43|2}}, Tromp),[1] with ten destroyers ({{HMS|Quality|G62|2}}, Quickmatch, {{HMS|Quilliam|G09|2}},[4] {{HMS|Racehorse|H11|2}}, {{HMS|Raider|H15|2}}, {{HMS|Rapid|H32|2}}, {{HMS|Relentless|H85|2}}, {{HMS|Rocket|H92|2}}, {{HMS|Roebuck|H95|2}}, {{HMS|Rotherham|H09|2}})[5] supported by two submarines (Templar, Tantalus).[6] AttackThe aircraft carriers launched 34[2]–39[6] Vought F4U Corsair fighters, under Lieutenant Commander Frederick Richard Arnold Turnbull. In spite of a five minute delay, it was too dark for the planes to accurately strafe the air fields, so instead they attacked large buildings within the vicinity. Japanese AA defences shot down a single Corsair, though the pilot was rescued.[6] The battleships, aided by aircraft from Illustrious, bombarded Sabang harbour installations and the local barracks from afar. The cruisers attacked shore batteries and a wireless station, while the destroyers focused on a radar station.[6] Following the main bombardment, Tromp, Quality, Quickmatch, and Quilliam under Captain Richard Onslow entered the harbor at Sabang and shelled Japanese positions.[7][8] Coastal artillery damaged all but the Quickmatch, causing some casualties and killing a war correspondent.[6] As the task force withdrew, two Japanese aircraft tried to shadow, but both were intercepted and shot down. Later in the afternoon, 9–10 A6M "Zero" fighters engaged 13 Corsairs. The British destroyed two fighters and damaged two more.[6] AftermathThe Allies lost a total of two Corsairs during the operation.[2] A report of the raid states: {{quotation|The force arrived at flying off position in the early hours of Tuesday 25 July and at 4am the capital ships were detached to bombard Sambang along with Cumberland, Kenya and Nigeria. At 5.25am the two carriers launched their aircraft. The raid was a success with a great deal of damage done to the Japanese forces.[1]}}Operation Crimson was the final event of Admiral Somerville's military command before concerns about his health forced his transfer to diplomatic duty.[3] References1. ^1 2 Patrick Boniface, HMS Cumberland, page 86, 2006. 2. ^1 2 Malcolm H. Murfett, Naval Warfare 1919–45: An Operational History of the Volatile War at Sea, page 357, 2008. 3. ^1 Stanley Sandler, World War II in the Pacific: An Encyclopedia, page 729, 2001. 4. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-50Q-Quilliam.htm | title=HMS QUILLIAM | work=Naval History | year=2003 | accessdate=19 October 2013 | author=Mason, Geoffrey}} 5. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-53R-Raider.htm | title=HMS RAIDER | work=Naval History | year=2003 | accessdate=19 October 2013 | author=Mason, Geoffrey}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite book| last = Hobbs| first = David| title = The British Pacific Fleet: The Royal Navy's Most Powerful Strike Force| publisher = Seaforth Publishing| edition = 2nd| date = 2012| pages = 50–52| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FGKCAwAAQBAJ&dq=&source=gbs_navlinks_s| isbn = 9781783469222}} 7. ^{{cite web | url=http://pacific.valka.cz/forces/rn.htm#bishop | title="BISHOP" – BEIF Covering operation for Rangoon Landing | work=Royal Navy in Pacific and Indian Oceans area | accessdate=19 October 2013}} 8. ^Table of actions by Royal Navy. External links
7 : World War II operations and battles of the Southeast Asia Theatre|Naval aviation operations and battles|Naval battles of World War II involving the Netherlands|Naval battles of World War II involving France|Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom|Naval battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom|July 1944 events |
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