“Oudh State”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Oudh State ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|aʊ|d}},^[1] also Kingdom of Oudh, or Awadh State) was a princely state in the Awadh region of North India until annexation by the British in 1856. Oudh, the now obsolete but once official English-language name of the state, also written historically as Oude, derived from the name of Ayodhya.

The capital of Oudh State was in Faizabad, but the British Agents, officially known as "residents", had their seat in Lucknow. The Nawab of Oudh, one of the richest princes, paid for and erected a Residency in Lucknow as a part of a wider programme of civic improvements.^[2]

Oudh joined other Indian states in an upheaval against British rule in 1858 during one of the last series of actions in the Indian rebellion of 1857. In the course of this uprising detachments of the British Indian Army from the Bombay Presidency overcame the disunited collection of Indian states in a single rapid campaign. Determined rebels continued to wage sporadic guerrilla clashes until the spring of 1859. This rebellion is also historically known as the Oudh campaign.^[3]

After the British annexation of Oudh by the Doctrine of Lapse, the North Western Provinces became the North Western Provinces and Oudh.^[4]

History

Establishment of the State of Oudh

In 1732, under nominal Mughal sovereignty, a senior official of the Mughal Empire, Saadat Khan, established a hereditary polity in Oudh, later enhancing his position by cooperating with Nader Shah during his invasion of India. As regional officials asserted their autonomy in Bengal and the Deccan as well as with the rise of the Maratha Empire, the rulers of Oudh gradually affirmed their own sovereignty. Safdar Jang went as far as to control the ruler of Delhi, putting Ahmad Shah Bahadur on the Mughal throne with the cooperation of other Mughal nobility.^[5]{{rp|132}}

Since Oudh was located in a prosperous region, the British East India Company soon took notice of the affluence in which the Nawabs of Oudh lived. British dominance was established at the Battle of Buxar of 1764, when the East India Company defeated the alliance between the nawab of Oudh Shuja-ud-Daula and the deposed nawab of Bengal Mir Kasim.^[6]{{rp|25}} The result would be direct British interference in the internal state matters of Oudh, useful as a buffer state. Hastings even aided Oudh militarily against the rebelling Rohilla.^[6]{{rp|65}}

The kingdom became a British protectorate in May 1816 (However, the state was an unofficial British protectorate since 1764). Three years later, in 1819, the ruler of Oudh took the style of padshah (king), signaling formal independence under the advice of the Marquis of Hastings.

Throughout the early 1800s until annexation, several areas were gradually ceded to the British.

British annexation

On 7 February 1856 by order of Lord Dalhousie, General of the East India Company, the king of Oudh (Wajid Ali Shah) was deposed,and its kingdom was annexed to British India under the terms of the Doctrine of lapse on the grounds of alleged internal misrule.^[8]

Between 5 July 1857 and 3 March 1858 there was an upheaval by the son of the deposed king joining the Indian Rebellion of 1857. At the time of the rebellion, the British lost control of the territory; they reestablished their rule over the next eighteen months, during which time there were massacres such as those that had occurred in the course of the Siege of Cawnpore.^[7]^[8]

After Oudh's territory was merged with the North Western Provinces, it formed the larger province of North Western Provinces and Oudh. In 1902, the latter province was renamed the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, and in 1904 the region within the new United Provinces, corresponding to the former North Western Provinces and Oudh, was renamed the Agra Province.^[9]

Government

Feudatory states

Rulers

The first ruler of Oudh State belonged to the Shia Muslim Sayyid Family and descended of Musa al-Kadhim originated from Nishapur. But the dynasty also belonged from the paternal line to the Kara Koyunlu through Qara Yusuf. They were renowned for their secularism and broad outlook.^[15]

Residents

Demographics

In the early eighteenth century, the population of Oudh was estimated to be 3 million. Oudh underwent a demographic shift in which Lucknow and Varanasi expanded to become metropolises of over 200,000 people over the course of the 18th century at the expense of Agra and Delhi. During this period the land on the banks of the Yamuna suffered frequent dry spells, while the Baiswara did not.^[17]{{rp|38}}

Although it was ruled by Muslims, a majority, roughly four fifths, of Oudh's population were Hindus.^[5]{{rp|155}}^[18]

Culture

Religion

The cities of Allahabad, Varanasi, and Ayodhya were important pilgrimage sites for followers of Hinduism and other Dharmic religions. The town of Bahraich was also revered by some Muslims.^[19]

See also

References

1. ^Oudh – definition of Oudh in English from the Oxford dictionary
2. ^Davies, Philip, Splendours of the Raj: British Architecture in India, 1660–1947. New York: Penguin Books, 1987
3. ^Michael Edwardes, Battles of the Indian Mutiny, Pan, 1963, {{ISBN|0-330-02524-4}}
4. ^{{cite book |title=Town Planning Regeneration of Cities|author=Ashutosh Joshi|publisher=New India Publishing|date= 1 Jan 2008|isbn=8189422820 |page=237 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&pg=PA151 }}
5. ^¹{{cite book|last1=Jaswant Lal|first1=Mehta|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707-1813|date=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers|isbn=9781932705546}}
6. ^¹{{cite book|last1=Ramusack|first1=Barbara N.|title=The Indian Princes and their States|date=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
7. ^{{cite web|author=Ben Cahoon |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html#oudh |title=Princely States of India – Oudh |publisher=Worldstatesmen.org |date= |accessdate=2014-08-08}}
8. ^William Barton, The princes of India. Delhi 1983
9. ^¹{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. V|1908|p=72}}
10. ^{{cite book|title=The Feudatory and zemindari India, Volume 17, Issue 2|date=1937|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBYnAQAAIAAJ&q=nanpara&dq=nanpara&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8gzfU-umEcq3uAT8-YKIBg&ved=0CBkQ6AEwADgK|accessdate=4 August 2014}}
11. ^Balrampur (Taluqdari)
12. ^Bhadri (Taluq)
13. ^Itaunja – Raipur Ekdaria (Taluq)
14. ^{{cite book|title=The Indian Year Book, Volume 29|date=1942|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company|page=1286|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HV8dAQAAMAAJ&q=nanpara&dq=nanpara&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BBrfU678EtCPuASuvoDYCg&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAjgU|accessdate=6 August 2014}}
15. ^{{cite web|author= Dr. B. S. Saxena |url=http://oudh.tripod.com/misc/noosec.htm |title=Repertoire On Wajid Ali Shah & Monuments of Avadh – Nawabs of Oudh & their Secularism |publisher= Avadh Cultural Club (Lucknow)|date= 1974}}
16. ^{{cite web|author=Ben Cahoon |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html#Oudh |title=List of rulers of Oudh |publisher=Worldstatesmen.org |date= |accessdate=2014-08-08}}
17. ^{{cite book|last1=Cole|first1=J. R. I.|title=Roots of North Indian Shīʾism in Iran and Iraq: Religion and State in Awadh, 1722-1859|date=1989|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520056411|series=Comparative Studies on Muslim Societies}}
18. ^{{cite book|title=Defence Journal, Volume 5, Issues 2-4|page=88|quote=On the contrary the annexation of Oudh in 1856 was viewed by the Muslim elite and the Hindu majority population of Oudh}}
19. ^{{cite book |title= The Kingdom of Awadh |author= Surya Narain Singh |year= 2003 |publisher= Mittal Publications}}