- Astronomy and space exploration
- Biology
- Climatology
- Computer science
- Mathematics
- Medicine
- Technology
- Awards
- Births
- Deaths
- References
The year 1975 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy and space exploration
- April 19 – Aryabhata, India's first satellite, is launched using Soviet boosters.
- July 17 – Apollo-Soyuz Test Project: An American Apollo and a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft dock with each other in orbit marking the first such link-up between spacecraft from the two nations.
- August 20 – Viking program: NASA launches the Viking 1 planetary probe toward Mars.
Biology
- August 7 – César Milstein and Georges Köhler report their discovery of how to use hybridoma cells to isolate monoclonal antibodies, effectively beginning the history of monoclonal antibody use in science.[1][2]
- Living specimens of the Chacoan Peccary (Catagonus wagneri), previously known only from fossils, are identified in Paraguay.[3]
Climatology
- August 8 – The term global warming is probably first used in its modern sense by Wallace Smith Broecker.[4][5][6]
Computer science
- January – Altair 8800 is released, sparking the era of the microcomputer.
- March 5 – Hackers in Silicon Valley hold the first meeting of the Homebrew Computer Club.
- April 4 – Bill Gates and Paul Allen form a company at this time called Micro Soft in Albuquerque, New Mexico, to develop and sell BASIC interpreter software for the Altair 8800.
- The MOS Technology 6502 is introduced. An 8-bit microprocessor that was designed by a small team led by Chuck Peddle for MOS Technology. It was, by a considerable margin, the least expensive full-featured microprocessor on the market.
Mathematics
- Benoit Mandelbrot coins the term fractal.
- The Harada–Norton group is discovered.[7][8]
- John N. Mather and Richard McGehee prove that for the Newtonian collinear four-body problem there exist solutions which become unbounded in a finite time interval.[9][10][11]
- The Monty Hall problem in probability is first posed, by Steve Selvin.[12][13]
Medicine
- Lyme disease first recognised at Lyme, Connecticut.
- Mini–mental state examination (MMSE) or Folstein test introduced to screen for dementia or other cognitive dysfunction.[14]
Technology
- Steven Sasson of Eastman Kodak in the United States produces the first self-contained (portable) digital camera.
Awards
- Nobel Prizes
- Physics – Aage Bohr, Ben Roy Mottelson, James Rainwater
- Chemistry – John Warcup Cornforth, Vladimir Prelog
- Medicine – David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard Martin Temin
- Turing Award – Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon
Births
- July 11 – Naomi McClure-Griffiths, American-born astrophysicist.
- July 17 – Terence Tao, Australian-born mathematician.
- November 14 – Martin Hairer, Austrian-born mathematician.
- Catherine A. Lozupone, American microbiologist.
Deaths
- February 14 – Sir Julian Huxley (b. 1887), English biologist and author.
- April 19 – Percy Lavon Julian (b. 1899), African American research chemist.
- May 14 – Ernst Alexanderson (b. 1878), Swedish American television pioneer.
- May 18 – Christopher Strachey (b. 1916), English computer scientist.
- June 8 – Douglas Guthrie (b. 1885), Scottish otolaryngologist and medical historian.
- June 27 – Sir Geoffrey Taylor (b. 1886), English physicist.
- October 10 – August Dvorak (b. 1894), American educational psychologist.
- October 23 – Gordon Hamilton Fairley (b. 1930), British oncologist.
- November – Priscilla Fairfield Bok (b. 1896), American astronomer.
- December 28 – Frances McConnell-Mills (b. 1900), American toxicologist.
References
1. ^{{cite journal|author1=Kohler, G. |author2=Milstein, C. |year=1975|title=Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity|journal=Nature|volume=256|issue=5517|pages=495–497|pmid=1172191|doi=10.1038/256495a0|bibcode=1975Natur.256..495K}}
2. ^{{cite journal|last=Waldman|first=Thomas A.|year=2003|title=Immunotherapy: past, present and future|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=9|pages=269–277|doi=10.1038/nm0303-269|pmid=12612576|issue=3}}
3. ^{{cite web|last=Naish|first=Darren|authorlink=Darren Naish|title=New, obscure, and nearly extinct rodents of South America, and... when fossils come alive|url=http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology|work=Tetrapod Zoology|date=2008-11-24|accessdate=2008-12-13| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081216010917/http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology| archivedate= 16 December 2008 | deadurl= no}}
4. ^{{cite journal|first=Wallace S.|last=Broecker|title=Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?|journal=Science|volume=189|date=1975-08-08|pages=460–463|doi=10.1126/science.189.4201.460 |bibcode = 1975Sci...189..460B|issue=4201|pmid=17781884}}
5. ^{{cite news|author=Stefan|title=Happy 35th birthday, global warming!|url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2010/07/happy-35th-birthday-global-warming/|work=RealClimate|date=2010-07-28|accessdate=2012-01-28|quote=[Broecker's article is] the first of over 10,000 papers for this search term according to the ISI database of journal articles}}
6. ^{{cite news|last=Johnson|first=Brad|title=Wally's World|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/08/03/wallys_world|work=Foreign Policy|date=2010-08-03|accessdate=2012-01-28}}
7. ^{{cite conference|last=Harada|first=Koichiro|title=Proceedings of the Conference on Finite Groups (Univ. Utah, Park City, Utah, 1975)|publisher=Academic Press|location=Boston, MA|mr=0401904|year=1976|chapter=On the simple group F of order
|pages=119–276}}
8. ^{{cite book|first=Simon P.|last=Norton|title=F and other simple groups|publisher=PhD Thesis|location=University of Cambridge|year=1975}}
9. ^{{cite book|author1=Mather, J. N. |author2=McGehee, R. |title=Solutions of the collinear four body problem which become unbounded in finite time|volume=38|year=1975|pages=573–597|doi=10.1007/3-540-07171-7_18|series=Lecture Notes in Physics |isbn=978-3-540-07171-6 }}
10. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.ams.org/notices/199505/saari-2.pdf|author=Saari, Donald G.|author2=Xia, Zhihong (Jeff)|title=Off to infinity in finite time|journal=Notices of the American Mathematical Society|year=1995|volume=42|issue=5}}
11. ^{{Cite journal|first=Alain|last=Chenciner|title=The three body problem|volume=2|issue=10|pages=2111|year=2007|journal=Scholarpedia|doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.2111|bibcode=2007SchpJ...2.2111C}}
12. ^{{cite journal|last=Selvin|first=Steve|title=A problem in probability (letter to the editor)|journal=The American Statistician|volume=29|issue=1|pages=67–71|date=February 1975|doi=10.1080/00031305.1975.10479121 }}
13. ^{{cite journal|last=Selvin|first=Steve|title=On the Monty Hall problem (letter to the editor)|journal=American Statistician|volume=29|issue=3|page=134 |date=August 1975}}
14. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6|pmid=1202204|title="Mini-mental state": A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician|url=http://www.journalofpsychiatricresearch.com/article/0022-3956(75)90026-6/pdf|journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research|volume=12|issue=3|pages=189–98|year=1975|last1=Folstein|first1=Marshal F|last2=Folstein|first2=Susan E|last3=McHugh|first3=Paul R}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1975 In Science}}2. ^{{cite journal|last=Waldman|first=Thomas A.|year=2003|title=Immunotherapy: past, present and future|journal=Nature Medicine|volume=9|pages=269–277|doi=10.1038/nm0303-269|pmid=12612576|issue=3}}
3. ^{{cite web|last=Naish|first=Darren|authorlink=Darren Naish|title=New, obscure, and nearly extinct rodents of South America, and... when fossils come alive|url=http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology|work=Tetrapod Zoology|date=2008-11-24|accessdate=2008-12-13| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081216010917/http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology| archivedate= 16 December 2008 | deadurl= no}}
4. ^{{cite journal|first=Wallace S.|last=Broecker|title=Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?|journal=Science|volume=189|date=1975-08-08|pages=460–463|doi=10.1126/science.189.4201.460 |bibcode = 1975Sci...189..460B|issue=4201|pmid=17781884}}
5. ^{{cite news|author=Stefan|title=Happy 35th birthday, global warming!|url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2010/07/happy-35th-birthday-global-warming/|work=RealClimate|date=2010-07-28|accessdate=2012-01-28|quote=[Broecker's article is] the first of over 10,000 papers for this search term according to the ISI database of journal articles}}
6. ^{{cite news|last=Johnson|first=Brad|title=Wally's World|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/08/03/wallys_world|work=Foreign Policy|date=2010-08-03|accessdate=2012-01-28}}
7. ^{{cite conference|last=Harada|first=Koichiro|title=Proceedings of the Conference on Finite Groups (Univ. Utah, Park City, Utah, 1975)|publisher=Academic Press|location=Boston, MA|mr=0401904|year=1976|chapter=On the simple group F of order
|pages=119–276}}8. ^{{cite book|first=Simon P.|last=Norton|title=F and other simple groups|publisher=PhD Thesis|location=University of Cambridge|year=1975}}
9. ^{{cite book|author1=Mather, J. N. |author2=McGehee, R. |title=Solutions of the collinear four body problem which become unbounded in finite time|volume=38|year=1975|pages=573–597|doi=10.1007/3-540-07171-7_18|series=Lecture Notes in Physics |isbn=978-3-540-07171-6 }}
10. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.ams.org/notices/199505/saari-2.pdf|author=Saari, Donald G.|author2=Xia, Zhihong (Jeff)|title=Off to infinity in finite time|journal=Notices of the American Mathematical Society|year=1995|volume=42|issue=5}}
11. ^{{Cite journal|first=Alain|last=Chenciner|title=The three body problem|volume=2|issue=10|pages=2111|year=2007|journal=Scholarpedia|doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.2111|bibcode=2007SchpJ...2.2111C}}
12. ^{{cite journal|last=Selvin|first=Steve|title=A problem in probability (letter to the editor)|journal=The American Statistician|volume=29|issue=1|pages=67–71|date=February 1975|doi=10.1080/00031305.1975.10479121 }}
13. ^{{cite journal|last=Selvin|first=Steve|title=On the Monty Hall problem (letter to the editor)|journal=American Statistician|volume=29|issue=3|page=134 |date=August 1975}}
14. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6|pmid=1202204|title="Mini-mental state": A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician|url=http://www.journalofpsychiatricresearch.com/article/0022-3956(75)90026-6/pdf|journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research|volume=12|issue=3|pages=189–98|year=1975|last1=Folstein|first1=Marshal F|last2=Folstein|first2=Susan E|last3=McHugh|first3=Paul R}}
3 : 1975 in science|20th century in science|1970s in science
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