| 词条 | Automotive industry in Iran | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
As of 2001, there were 13 public and privately owned automakers in Iran, of which two—Iran Khodro and Saipa—accounted for 94% of the total domestic production. Iran Khodro, which produced the most prevalent car brand in the country—the Peykan, which has been replaced in 2005 by the Samand—, was still the larger with 61% of the market in 2001, while Saipa contributed 33% of Iran's total production in the same year.[8] Iran Khodro is one of the largest car manufacturers in Asia. It has established joint-ventures with foreign partners on 4 continents. The Iranian manufacturers currently produce six different types of vehicle, including passenger cars, 4WD, trucks, buses, minibuses, and pickup trucks. The sector directly employs about 500,000 people (roughly 2.3% of the workforce), and many more in related industries. About 75% of local output is passenger cars, with pick-ups the next largest category, accounting for around 15%.[9] Historical development{{See also|Economy of Iran|Automotive industry}}In the 1960s, lacking the technical know-how and unable to produce its own automobiles, Iran invited western firms in order to start a domestic automobile industry. Since then, Iran has developed its domestic industry where it can design and assemble cars on its own, including a new car factory in Kashan. The average operating margin of the five major Iranian automakers dropped by 1% from 13% to 12% in 2011.[10] The seven development phases of Iran's automotive industry have been:[11][12]
Historical production by year
Market and domestic production{{See also|Demography of Iran|Privatization in Iran}}In 2008, IDRO reported that SAIPA accounts for 54 percent and Iran Khodro for 46 percent of the output.[17] Although carmakers are listed on the stock exchange, the government still owns about 40 percent of both companies.[18] In July 2010, the government sold a further 18% stake in both Iran Khodro and Saipa for about $2 billion in total, bringing down its participation in both companies to about 20%.[19][20] In August, both deals were cancelled by the Iranian Privatization Organization. No clear reason was given for the cancellation of the deals, but analysts believe that discontent over the prices at which the blocks were traded is the most likely reason.[21] Unofficial estimates put the sector’s debt to Iranian banks as high as 100 trillion rials ($4 billion).[22] The other car manufacturers, such as Azhitechs,[23] Bahman Group, Rakhsh Khodro, Kerman Motors, Kish Khodro, Raniran, Traktorsazi, Shahab Khodro, and others together produced only 6%. These automakers produce a wide range of automobiles including motorbikes, passenger cars, vans, mini trucks, medium-sized trucks, heavy duty trucks, minibuses, large size buses and other heavy automobiles used in commercial and private activities in the country. Iran Khodro Diesel has a dominant market share (+70%) in bus, truck and van production.[24] Iran with having a fleet of 7 million passenger cars, buses and trucks ranked the world’s 16th biggest automaker and one of the largest in Asia in 2006 with annual production above 1 million units and 1.3 million in 2009,[25] resulting in almost 1.5 percent of total world production of vehicles and 1 car per 10 person.[9] By 2010 Iran's fleet reached 11.5 million cars and 14 million by 2014 (half of which are dilapidated).[22][26][27] Sixty percent of passenger cars produced in 2008 will use natural gas as fuel or will be dual-fuel, and the remaining 40 percent will run on regular gasoline (2008). Some problems faced by the industry are slow deliveries of cars, lack of after sales services and low quality in the production of some cars.[28][29] Car production in Iran has increased 445% between 1998 and 2008.[24] In July 2013, sanctions imposed by the USA prevented Iranian companies from importing the vehicle parts upon which domestic cars rely; this caused Iran to cede its place to Turkey as the region’s top vehicle manufacturer.[30][31][32] Because of sanctions on spare parts by France's Peugeot and Renault, car production in Iran dropped by as much as 40% in 2012 before recovering somewhat in 2014 following the Geneva interim agreement.[33] In 2014, Iranian car companies produced 1,090,846 cars and commercial vehicles, of which 925,975 were cars and 164,871 were other vehicles.[34] More than half of the vehicles in Iran are over 10 years old (2009).[35] The government has sought to upgrade the local fleet and the authorities aim to pull some 200,000 outmoded vehicles off the road each year, underpinning demand.[9] According to estimates the demand stood at 1.5 million vehicles in 2007, which could not be met by the local producers.[36] Auto manufacturing industry's share in gross national product is two percent and Iran's auto production rate in the global markets is 1.7 percent (2008).[37] Previously buyers had been purchasing vehicles outright in cash, but now over half of all new car sales are through finance companies or on lease purchase schemes.[38] MotorcyclesThere were more than 8 million motorcycles in Iran by 2010[39] and 1,500 motorcycles receive registration number plates each day. Motorcycles account for 30% of air pollution in Tehran.[40] Domestically manufactured motorcycles conform to Euro 2 standard and they don't even use catalyst transducers while the world has now considered Euro 5 standard for motorcycles.[40] ExportsIn 2007 Irans car exports stood at around $500 million.[41] Iran car exports reached $1 billion by March 2009.[42] Overall production is expected to rise to 1.13 million units by 2012 ($200 million in exports expected by 2010) and 60,000 units exported by 2013.[49][43] Auto parts{{See also|IDRO Group#Subsidiaries|List of Iranian companies|l1=IDRO's automotive subsidiaries}}Sapco and Sazeh Gostar are the respective purchasing arms of Iran Khodro and Saipa (the two largest Iranian auto manufacturers).[3] The Iranian automotive parts industry consists of approximately 1200 companies (15,000 factories), which include those affiliated to vehicle manufacturers as well as independent firms. The industry consists of two primary sectors: Original Equipment Manufacturing (OEM) suppliers, which produce parts for auto makers, and After-Market Parts Manufacturers (AMPM), which produce replacement parts for vehicles.[44] Over 39 countries purchase Iranian auto parts (2008).[9][45] As of 2014, 10 tire manufacturing units are operating across the country with a production capacity of 240,000 tons per annum. They meet 70 percent of the domestic tire demand (11 million tires per year).[46] As of 2015, 60% of auto spare parts in the Iranian market are imported from foreign countries.[47] Most cars are produced in Iran under licence from foreign manufacturers and it depends on them for critical imports, ranging from airbags to computer chips (incl. engine control units and sensors).[48][49]Research and development{{See also|Industry of Iran|Venture capital in Iran|Science and technology in Iran}}There are different ongoing R&D projects both at the governmental and private sectors. These projects research are mostly aimed at local market of Iran and its particular problems. New lines of locally designed and manufactured diesel, gasoline and dedicated CNG engines are being developed. There are also some research being done on hybrid and electric vehicles for the future Iranian market. In addition to this nanotechnology is being researched for introduction into production lines in order to improve the quality standards and customer satisfaction by offering anti-bacterial seats, anti-scratch paint, hydrophobic glass panes, maintenance-free air filters, anti-stain dashboards, nano-catalytic converters and nano-diamond containing lubricating oils.[50][51] In 2011, the Nanotechnology Initiative Council announced plans to export to Lebanon a series of ‘home-made’ nano-based engine oils manufactured by the Pishgaman–Nano-Aria Company (PNACO); these nano-based oils reduce engine erosion, fuel consumption and engine temperature. In 2009, researchers at Isfahan University of Technology developed a strong but light nanosteel as resistant to corrosion as stainless steel for use in road vehicles but also potentially in aircraft, solar panels and other products.[30][31][32] As of 2016, Iran had no known R&D project in the field of autonomous cars. Foreign direct investment and imports{{See also|Foreign Direct Investment in Iran}}There are over 25 automakers in Iran, actively producing both light and heavy vehicles. These automakers are in joint venture with several popular international automakers such as Luxgen (Taiwan), BYD (China), Peugeot, Citroen (France), Volkswagen (Germany), Nissan (Japan), Toyota (Japan), Kia Motors (South Korea), Proton (Malaysia), Chery (China) and many other established producers of light and heavy vehicles such as Renault (France), BMW, Mercedes Benz (Germany), Daewoo and Hyundai (South Korea) have emerged since 1991.[9][27][44] Italian carmaker Fiat has also announced of plans to begin production of its Siena sedan in Iran in 2008.[49] Chery Automobile (China) in August 2007 entered into a US$370m joint venture with Iran Khodro, Iran to produce cars for West and South Asian markets. Chery Automobile is to hold 30% of the venture, and Khodro will hold 49%. Solitac, a Canadian front company, is to hold the remaining 21% of the venture. The factory will be in the Iranian city of Babol.[52] Anhui Ankai Automobile (also of China) signed a deal in January 2008 with ARG-Diesel Iran to supply it with 600 buses, valued at €51.35m. The deal is to be complete by October 2008.[52]Iran annually needs some 4,000 buses for its domestic transportation. Since the 1970s, Iran has been producing a number of different buses, such as German Mercedes and MAN as well as Swedish Scania and Volvo that it has exported throughout Asia.[53] Daewoo Bus Corp. and an Iranian automaker Ardebil Sabalan Khodrow-Maywan have teamed up to build buses in Iran. The plant, which is slated to be completed by March 2010, would have a production capacity of 2,000 buses per year and would produce some 800 city and intercity buses in the 18 months after its inauguration. Based on the agreement, the engines and gearboxes would be manufactured in South Korea. But production would increasingly shift to Iran, where about 60 percent of the parts would be made.[53] Since 2016 and the lifting of the international sanctions, nearly 40 foreign automakers, including Peugeot, Mercedes, and Toyota, are considering using Iran as a hub for their ME and regional exports.[54] Imports{{See also|Labor and tax laws in Iran#Tariff rates|l1=Import tariffs in Iran}}Car imports have risen, from $184 million in 2002 to $1.5 billion in 2007.[42] In 2006, the government lowered the automotive import tariff levels to 90 percent for light weight vehicles and since then a huge influx of imported vehicles has been witnessed in the country.[27] The tariff level for import of heavy vehicles is even lower at 20 percent, due to low levels of local production and high demand. As a result, various overseas brands are being presently imported into Iran.[27] Following the lifting of international sanctions, French car manufacturer Renault imported over 93,000 cars (fully built and CKD units) to Iran in 2016.[55] PSA cover 30% of the iranian market,[56] while Renault's share is only 5%. Fuel rationing{{Main|2007 Gas Rationing Plan in Iran|Environmental issues in Iran|Labor and tax laws in Iran#Smuggling|l3=Fuel Smuggling in Iran}}{{As of|2015}}, Iran has 3,200 gas stations for 15 million automobiles.[57] Demand is supported by the fixing of fuel prices well below market levels. There are two pricing schemes for petrol, one subsidized the other not. Each month, qualified vehicle owners are allocated a specific number of subsidized liters of petrol (taxi's have a significantly higher allocation). The cost of regular unsubsidized petrol in Iran is IR7,000/liter (approximately 37 US cents/liter) and premium grade petrol IR8,000/liter, whereas the subsidized equivalents go for IR4,000/liter and IR5,000/liter, respectively.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} The nation's abundant oil reserves have enabled the government to keep prices low (Iran is the second-largest exporter in OPEC). However, low prices have encouraged wasteful consumption and the smuggling of petrol into neighbouring countries such as Turkey, Pakistan and Afghanistan.[9] Some 1.8 billion liters of oil products worth 10 trillion rials ($1 billion) are smuggled out of Iran per annum.[58]Given Iran's limited refining capacity, there has been a shortfall in petroleum products in recent years, requiring Iran to import an estimated {{convert|100000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}} in 2006/07. As a result, there is a recognition among many policymakers of the need to raise prices, and gradual increases have been implemented. However, these have tended to lag the prevailing rate of inflation, and given that raising petrol prices is politically difficult the provision of cheap fuel is likely to persist in the medium term, encouraging the purchase of vehicles. The government was nevertheless forced to take action in June 2007 when it announced both a petrol increase to 12 cents/litre and the imposition of fuel rationing, much to the chagrin of vehicle owners. The policy, which allocates 120 litres maximum per month (following revisions in December) to private car owners, will run until end-2008/09.[9] CNG{{See also|Energy in Iran}}In 2008 and 2009, Iranian government spent over 3 billion dollars on CNG infrastructure as part of its plan to convert its fuel policy from gasoline to CNG.[59] Iran, with the world’s second-largest natural gas reserves after Russia, in 2011 became the world leader in natural gas vehicles with some 2.9 million on the road, narrowly edging Pakistan, which is trailed by Argentina, Brazil and India, respectively. (The United States, which does not subsidize and promote the fuel like other countries do, ranks 16th.)[60] Iran has 1,262 vehicles per refueling station compared with 856 vehicles per refueling station in Pakistan.[60] Prospects{{See also|Iranian targeted subsidy plan}}
Like other sectors, the automotive industry is suffering from a lack of foreign direct investment (FDI) and capital imports. The privatization process is moving slowly (2008). Some 80% of state-owned firms were due to be privatized over the ten years to 2014, further to an amendment to Article 44 of the Constitution in 2004. In May 2014, Tasnim News Agency quoted Abdollah Pouri Hosseini, the head of the Iran Privatization Organization, as saying that Iran would be privatizing 186 state-run companies in the new year (beginning 21 March 2014 in Iran). He said that 27 of these companies had a market value each in excess of US$400 million. In 2010, the government reduced its participation in Iran Khodko and Saipa to about 20% but the deals were annulled the same year by the Iranian Privatization Organization.[61] International sanctions, high inflation, exacerbated by fuel price hikes, and dampened consumer demand have depressed growth in the passenger car segment, but industrial growth coupled with infrastructural development is spurring demand in the commercial vehicles segment.[62] The sanctions have also created difficulties for the imports of spare parts and increased the cost for car manufacturers. To make matters worse, the factory sale prices of cars, which are set by the government every year, have changed very little since 2006.[63] Experts also believe that the removal of subsidies is likely to have an adverse impact on the profitability of the automotive sector until 2013.[64]The sanctions imposed in 2013 hit exports particularly hard, which had doubled to about 50,000 cars between 2011 and 2012. This prompted IKCO to announce plans in October 2013 to begin selling 10 000 cars a year to the Russian Federation. Traditional export markets include Syria, Iraq, Algeria, Egypt, Sudan, Venezuela, Pakistan, Cameroon, Ghana, Senegal and Azerbaijan.[31][32][61] According to a 2015-survey, car production in Iran will increase by 28% increase following the conclusion of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. In 2015 the government made loans up to $7120 available for purchase of domestic cars (with an interest rate of between 16-18%). The payback period is a maximum seven years or 84 installments.[65] See also{{Portal|Iran|Cars}}
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Retrieved October 24, 2008. 43. ^ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826115545/http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3479/html/economy.htm |date=August 26, 2009 }} 44. ^1 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312173949/http://www.atiehbahar.com/Resources/Automotive.htm |date=March 12, 2007 }} 45. ^ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929031244/http://www.iran-daily.com/1387/3287/html/economy.htm#s349554 |date=September 29, 2009 }} 46. ^{{cite web|url=http://iran-daily.com/newspaper/page/4737/4/4663/0|title=دسترسی غیر مجاز|website=iran-daily.com}} 47. ^{{cite web|url=http://presstv.com/Detail/2015/04/11/405708/Iran-car-imports-up-by-31|title=PressTV-Iran car imports up by 31%|publisher=|accessdate=10 June 2015}} 48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lobelog.com/economics-will-decide-the-fate-of-the-iran-deal/|title=Economics Will Decide the Fate of the Iran Deal|website=LobeLog|accessdate=10 June 2015}} 49. ^{{cite web|url=https://financialtribune.com/articles/economy-auto/52162/idro-investing-in-new-technologies|title=IDRO Investing in New Technologies|date=24 October 2016|publisher=}} 50. ^{{cite web|url=http://en.nano.ir/index.php/news/show/1416 |title=INIC - News - Nanotechnology Finds Application in Iran's Car Industry |publisher=En.nano.ir |date=2009-11-05 |accessdate=2010-11-28}} 51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/10/oct/1230.html |title=Iranian Auto-Makers in Iran Nano Festival |publisher=Payvand.com |date=2006-11-22 |accessdate=2010-11-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104065227/http://www.payvand.com/news/10/oct/1230.html |archivedate=4 November 2010 |deadurl=no }} 52. ^1 {{Cite journal| first= | last=| vauthors=| contribution=COUNTRY BRIEFING: Iran| title=Licensing and intellectual property| editor-first=| editor-last=| publisher=Economist Intelligence Unit| place=| pages=| date=19 Mar 2008| year=| id= | contribution-url=| format=| editors=SOURCE: Country Commerce| postscript= {{inconsistent citations}} }} 53. ^1 [https://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2009/04/30/ap6360229.html ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503040325/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2009/04/30/ap6360229.html |date=May 3, 2009 }} 54. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.thebusinessyear.com/iran-2016/linking-with-the-future/focus|title=Linking with the Future|website=The Business Year}} 55. ^{{cite web|url=https://financialtribune.com/articles/economy-auto/55715/renault-imports-93000-units-to-iran|title=Renault Imports 93,000 Units to Iran|date=19 December 2016|publisher=}} 56. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.caradisiac.com/donald-trump-va-t-il-faire-souffrir-psa-et-renault-en-iran-168141.htm|title=Donald Trump va-t-il faire souffrir PSA et Renault en Iran ?|first=|last=Caradisiac.com|publisher=}} 57. ^{{cite web|url=http://presstv.com/Detail/2015/10/04/431943/iran-gas-stations-shell-total-niopdc-|title=PressTV-‘No request for foreign gas stations in Iran’|publisher=}} 58. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1385/2597/pdf/i3.pdf |accessdate=August 2, 2009 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} 59. ^{{cite web |author=Radcom |url=http://www.ecasb.com/newsdetail-2385-en.html |title=IRAN NGV 2010 |publisher=Ecasb.com |date= |accessdate=2010-11-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121205749/http://ecasb.com/newsdetail-2385-en.html |archivedate=21 November 2010 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 60. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/24/business/energy-environment/to-lower-pollution-iran-becomes-a-natural-gas-leader.html |title=In Oil-Rich Iran, Natural Gas Turns Wheels |work=The New York Times |date=24 October 2012 |accessdate=2013-12-08}} 61. ^1 {{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf|title=Iran. In UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030|last=Ashtarian|first=Kioomars|publisher=UNESCO Publishing|year=2015|isbn=978-92-3-100129-1|location=Paris|pages=|quote=|via=}} 62. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.companiesandmarkets.com/Summary-Market-Report/Iran-Autos-Report-Q4-2008-52871.asp |title=Iran Autos Report Q4 2008 Market Report, Industry Analysis and Market Trends - 02 October 2008 |publisher=Companiesandmarkets.com |date=2008-10-02 |accessdate=2010-11-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104123418/http://www.companiesandmarkets.com/Summary-Market-Report/iran-autos-report-q4-2008-52871.asp |archivedate=4 November 2010 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 63. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-AprMay12.pdf |title=Iran Investment Monthly May 2012.pdf |date=2012 |website=www.turquoisepartners.com |format=PDF}} 64. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-Jan11.pdf |title=Iran Investment Monthly Jan 2011.pdf |date=2011 |website=www.turquoisepartners.com |format=PDF}} 65. ^{{cite web|title = Central Bank of Iran Special Loan for Locally Manufactured Vehicles - HOMASA CONSULTING GROUP|url = http://homasa.ir/content/special-loan-for-iran-locally-manufactured-vehicles|website = homasa.ir|accessdate = 2015-11-15|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033523/http://homasa.ir/content/special-loan-for-iran-locally-manufactured-vehicles|archivedate = 2015-11-17|df = }} External links
5 : Science and technology in Iran|Cars of Iran|Industry in Iran|Lists of cars by country|Automotive industry by country |
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开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。