“Proto-Philippine language”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Proto-Philippine language is the reconstructed ancestral proto-language of the Philippine languages, a proposed subgroup of the Austronesian languages which includes all languages of the Philippines (except for the Sama–Bajaw languages) as well as the languages of the northern part of Sulawesi, Indonesia.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Proto-Philippine is not directly attested to in any written work, but linguistic reconstruction by the comparative method has found regular similarities among languages that cannot be explained by coincidence or word-borrowing. Ancient forms of roots and words have been extrapolated from the similarities.

Proto-Philippine originated from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian and ultimately from Proto-Austronesian.

Phonology

Consonant Phonemes of Proto-Philippine

Labial

Dental/
Alveolar

Palatal

Velar

Uvular

Glottal

Nasal

m}}

n}}

ɲ}} (?)

ŋ}}

Stop

p}} *{{IPA|b}}

t}} *{{IPA|d}}

k}} *{{IPA|ɡ}}

q}}

Fricative

s}}

h}}

Trill

r}}

Approximant

l}}

j}}]

w}}

The proto-phonemes *j and *R are not preserved as such in any Philippine language: *j became either *g or *d (e.g. *púsəj became Ilocano púsəg, Tagalog púsod), whereas *R shifted to *r (e.g. in Ilocano), *l (e.g. in Pangasinan), *g (e.g. in Tagalog) or *y (e.g. in Kapampangan).^[1]^[4]

Vowel Phonemes of Proto-Philippine/Austronesian

Height

Front

Central

Back

Close

*{{IPA|i}}

*{{IPA|u}}

Mid

*{{IPA|ə}}

Open

*{{IPA|a}}

The proto-phoneme *ə was retained in many Philippine languages, especially in the northern and southern descendants of Proto-Philippine (e.g. in Ilokano, Pangasinan, Gaddang, Maranao, Maguindanao), and also in some peripheral lects in the central area (e.g. Rinconada Bikol, Kinaray-a Visayan, Palawano). In most Visayan and Bikol varieties, *ə merged with *u, whereas in Tagalog, *ə merged with *i (*u in certain environments).

Sample words

Proto-Philippine

Tagalog

Ilokano

*ásu}}

áso

aso

dog

*baláy}}

báhay

balay

house

*bábuy}}

báboy

baboy

pig

*baqRu}}

bágo

baro

new

*bái}}

babáe

babai

woman/female

*dəkət}}

dikít

dekket

adhesive/stick

*dáRaq
*duRúq}}

dugô

dara

blood

*hajək}}

halík

agek

kiss

*ŋájan}}

pangálan

nagan

name

*danúm}}
{{IPA|*túbiR}}

túbig

danom

water

*laŋúy}}

langóy

langoy

swim

*táu}}

táo

tao

human

See also

References

1. ^¹Llamzon, Teodoro A. "Proto-Philippine Phonology." In: Archipel, volume 9, 1975. pp. 29-42.
2. ^{{cite journal|jstor=3622751|title=Problems in the Reconstruction of Proto-Philippine Phonology and the Subgrouping of the Philippine Languages|first=Mathew|last=Charles|date=1974|publisher=|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|volume=13|issue=1/2|pages=457–509|doi=10.2307/3622751}}
3. ^Zorc, R.D. (1986). "The genetic relationships of Philippine languages." In Geraghty, P., Carrington, L. and Wurm, S.A. editors, FOCAL II: Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. C-94:147-173. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1986.
4. ^¹{{cite journal | author=Blust, Robert | title=The Greater Central Philippines hypothesis | journal=Oceanic Linguistics | year=1991 | volume=30 | issue=2 | pages=73–129 | ref=apa | doi=10.2307/3623084| jstor=3623084 }}

Phonology

Sample words

See also

References

Further reading