“Rakina bara”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Rakina Bara ({{lang-sr|Ракина Бара}}) is a lake in Sremčica, a suburb of Belgrade, Serbia. It is located in the municipality of Čukarica.

Location

The lake is located in the central section of Sremčica, {{convert|20|km|abbr=on}} south of downtown Belgrade.

Geography

Rakina Bara is situated in the limestone pit, in the karstic micro-region called Belgrade merokras.^[1] It is embedded into the mass wasting area and, typically for the karst lakes, has a sinkhole. It is the largest natural lake in the Šumadija section of Belgrade and the only karst lake in the city territory. Rakina bara is one of six (formerly 15) karst lakes in the entire Šumadija region. The lake is oval-shaped, {{convert|170|m|abbr=on}} long, {{convert|110|m|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}} deep. It is situated at an altitude of {{convert|180|m|abbr=on}} and covers an area of {{convert|3|ha|abbr=on}}.^[2] Rakina Bara receives water from two springs and atmospheric precipitation. It has no outflows.

Wildlife

Plants

As the lake shrinks, it gradually gets buried under the overgrowth, mostly made of the reed-like plants.^[3]

Animals

Lake used to be abundant in fish as in the 1950s in was turned into the fish pond. Carps up to {{convert|5|kg|abbr=on}} were fished with nets and until the early 2000s fishing competitions were organized. Today almost all of the fish in the lake died out and an occasional snake, duck or grebe can be spotted.^[3]^[4]

Human interaction

Rakina Bara was originally deeper and the water was clear all the way to the bottom. At the location where the creek flew into the lake, local farmers watered their cattle. As the shore was sandy and the mud was only present at the deepest, central part of the lakebed, it was used for swimming. It was one of the earliest nudist locations in Serbia, dating back top the beginning of the 20th century. Later, it became a popular lover's lane for the city couples.^[4]

In the 1950s it was populated with several species of fish, turning it into the fish pond. Plans were made to arrange the shores, build the restaurants and turn it into the tourist center and a recreational area, but the local authorities were not interested, so the plans were abandoned.^[4]

Sremčica experienced a massive population growth since the 1970s and the population grew from 2,445 in 1971 to 13,193 in 1981 and 21,001 in 2011.^[5] As the settlement grew, it engulfed the lake and the surrounding area was urbanized. In 21st century lake was reduced in size as the local population, in order to get more land, illegally dug outflow canals to drain the water and even threw mercury into the sinkhole to erode the land and make the sinkhole wider in order to drain water more quickly. Households from the neighboring slopes turned their sewage pipes into Rakina Bara emptying their cesspits in the pond. The pond was also turned into a dump, with garbage of all kinds being dumped in it. As the lake reduced in size, the spring which brings the majority of water into it, for the most part of the year stopped reaching the lake as it is close to the sinkhole so it flows directly into the ground through it, practically turning the pond into a large cesspool. As the water drains through the earth, it widens the holes in it producing the cracks in the ground already prone to the mass wasting. Basically digging the land under the lake, it might set mass wasting in motion which would bury the pond completely. In the 2010s, Rakina Bara is on the brink of completely dying out.^[3]^[4]

Shores of the pond were cleaned to some extent in 2008. At that time, the study on saving the pond was done. Proposed short term interventions included cleaning of the garbage from the lake and the surrounding area, emptying and closing of the cesspits and ban on building on the slopes above the pond. Further, long-term measures should include the chemical and bacteriological analysis of the water, creation of the "wet field" which would naturally filter the water, channeling of the creek to reach the pond again and the restoration of the sinkhole. Another study from 2012 proposed that the pond should be saved with the construction of the sewage system and by placing Rakina bara under protection. However, the pond and the surroundings are too polluted, thus not fulfilling the basic conditions for protection. As for the other proposals, none of them turned into projects, due to either lack of funds (municipality of Čukarica) or the typical bureaucratic "it is not my jurisdiction" attitude (city, communal companies).^[2]

References

1. ^{{cite book|title=Enciklopedijski geografski leksikon Jugoslavije|author=Jovan Đ. Marković|date=1990|publisher=Svjetlost-Sarajevo|isbn=86-01-02651-6}}
2. ^¹{{Citation | last = | first = | author = Branka Vasiljević | title = Jedinstveno jezero u prestonici prekrili rogoz i šaš| newspaper = Politika | pages = | language = Serbian | date = | url = }}
3. ^¹²{{cite web|url= http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/56190/Beograd/Spasavanje-Rakine-bare|author=Vladimir Vukasović, Branka Vasiljević|title= Spasavanje Rakine bare|date=17 September 2008| publisher= Politika|language=Serbian}}
4. ^¹²³{{cite web|url= http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/55968/Zemlja-guta-Rakinu-baru|author=Vladimir Vukasović, Branka Vasiljević|title= Zemlja guta Rakinu baru|date=15 September 2008| publisher= Politika|language=Serbian}}
5. ^{{cite book|title= Comparative overview of the number of population in 1948, 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2002 and 2011 – Data by settlements, page 32|date=2014|publisher= Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade|isbn=978-86-6161-109-4}}