| 词条 | Ruby Hurley |
| 释义 |
| name = Ruby Hurley | image = Ruby Hurley.jpg | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Ruby Ruffin | birth_date = {{birth date|1909|11|07}} | birth_place = Washington, D.C. | death_date = {{death date and age|1980|08|09|1909|11|07}} | death_place = Atlanta, Georgia | nationality = | other_names = | occupation = | alma mater = Miner Teachers College University of the District of Columbia Robert H. Terrell Law School | known_for = Civil rights activism | spouse = William L. Hurley }}Ruby Hurley (November 7, 1909 – August 9, 1980) was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement and administrator for the NAACP. She was known as the "queen of civil rights".[1] Early life and educationRuby Ruffin was born on November 7, 1909, in Washington, D.C., to Alice and Edward R. Ruffin. After she graduated from Dunbar High School in 1926,[1] she attended Miner Teachers College (now known as University of the District of Columbia) and Robert H. Terrell Law School. She worked briefly for the federal government and at the Industrial Bank of Washington.[1] She married William L. Hurley, a lieutenant in the US Army Corps of Engineers.[1] In 1939, Hurley was on a committee that was tasked with arranging for a performance from Marian Anderson, an African-American opera singer who had been barred from singing at Constitution Hall by the Daughters of the American Revolution. The committee was able to secure a venue change and Anderson performed at an open-air concert on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial before a crowd of 75,000.[2] Career with the NAACPFor the next four years, Hurley worked reorganizing the D.C. branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), bolstering their youth council. Walter Francis White, who headed the NAACP, appointed Hurley to the position of national Youth Secretary in 1943. She moved to New York City and stayed in that role until 1950. Hurley traveled across the country organizing youth councils and college chapters, increasing their number from 86 to over 280 during her tenure.[1] In 1951, she moved from New York to Birmingham, Alabama, to set up an NAACP office and oversee membership drives in Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. It was the first permanent NAACP office located in the Deep South.[3] She became Regional Secretary of the NAACP's newly formed Southeast Regional Office the following year.[1] In 1955, Hurley joined with civil rights activists Amzie Moore and Medgar Evers, who was Field Secretary at the NAACP's Mississippi office, in investigating the murders of minister George W. Lee and 14-year-old Emmett Till.[1][4] In order to interview witnesses for Till's case, Hurley wore cotton picker's clothes.[1] Following the Brown v. Board of Education ruling in 1954, Hurley worked to implement racial integration in the South.[1] While she practiced Christian nonviolence, she appeared on the cover of Jet magazine's October 6, 1955, issue with a caption reading "Most Militant Negro Woman In The South".[5] In 1956, Hurley helped to prepare the case of Autherine Lucy to be allowed to attend the University of Alabama.[1] Hurley's efforts were met with open hostility and she suffered from fatigue and weight loss. Her house was attacked and she received obscene telephone calls. Following a riot at the University of Alabama campus, black taxi drivers offered protection, circling her home.[1] Hurley was forced to flee Alabama in the night on June 1, 1956, after the state barred the NAACP from operating there. She moved to Atlanta where she opened a regional office four months later. The headquarters became a focal point for civil rights organizers and Hurley worked alongside Vernon Jordan. Jordan and Fredericka Thompson Bradley assisted Charlayne Hunter-Gault and Hamilton E. Holmes in gaining admission to the University of Georgia in 1961.[1] Following the assassination of Medgar Evers in 1963, Hurley convinced his widow Myrlie to have him interred at Arlington National Cemetery.[1] Death and legacyHurley retired on March 31, 1978, and served as president of United Methodist Women. She died on August 9, 1980, in Atlanta.[6] The Chattanooga–Hamilton County NAACP hosts an annual Ruby Hurley Image Awards.[7] In 2009, Hurley was featured alongside Ella Baker on a 42-cent stamp.[8] References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite book|last=Lawson|first=Steven F.|title=Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume 5|year=2004|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-674-01488-6|pages=318–320|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSaMu4F06AQC&pg=PA318 |chapter=HURLEY, Ruby}} 2. ^{{cite book|last=Hamlin|first=Françoise N.|title=Crossroads at Clarksdale: The Black Freedom Struggle in the Mississippi Delta After World War II|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|location=Chapel Hill|isbn=978-0-8078-3549-4|pages=18–19|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1vVnWuaJCR4C&lpg=PA18&dq=ruby%20hurley%20marian%20anderson&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false}} 3. ^{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Horace Randall|title=This Day in Civil Rights History|year=2009|publisher=NewSouth Books|location=Montgomery, AL|isbn=978-1-58835-241-5|page=134|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jwWrG4V1XQC&lpg=PA134&dq=%22Ruby%20Hurley%22&pg=PA134#v=onepage&q&f=false|author2=Beard, Ben }} 4. ^{{cite book|title=The Lynching of Emmett Till: A Documentary Narrative|year=2002|publisher=University of Virginia Press|isbn=978-0-8139-3458-7|pages=264–265|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MK-0PRXO2YC&lpg=PA264&dq=%22Ruby%20Hurley%22&pg=PA264#v=onepage&q&f=false|chapter=1973 interview with Howell Raines}} 5. ^{{cite journal|journal=Jet|title=Most Militant Negro Woman In The South|date=October 6, 1955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r7EDAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA1&ots=xO74lhf0tT&dq=%22Most%20Militant%20Negro%20Woman%20In%20The%20South%22&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company|issn=0021-5996}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite news|title=Civil rights queen, Ruby Hurley dies at 70|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2211&dat=19800823&id=sCkmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Sv4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=5143,631150|newspaper=The Afro American|date=August 23, 1980}} 7. ^{{cite news|title=NAACP Ruby Hurley Images Awards Set For Oct. 8|url=http://www.chattanoogan.com/2011/9/26/209930/NAACP-Ruby-Hurley-Images-Awards-Set.aspx|newspaper=The Chattanoogan|date=September 26, 2011}} 8. ^{{cite news|last=Carter|first=Terry|title=Black History Month: 23 Civil Rights Activists Honored On U.S. Stamps|url=http://www.vibe.com/photo-gallery/black-history-month-23-civil-rights-activists-honored-us-stamps/?page=6|newspaper=Vibe|date=February 21, 2013}} Further reading
8 : 1909 births|1980 deaths|20th-century African-American activists|Activists for African-American civil rights|American women activists|Community activists|National Association for the Advancement of Colored People activists|People from Washington, D.C. |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。