“Tayasal (archaeological site)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Tayasal archaeological site is situated on a peninsula on Lake Petén Itzá a short distance to the north of the modern town of Flores,^[3] separated from it by a {{convert|270|m|ft|adj=on}} wide stretch of water,^[4] and falls within the municipality of Flores, in the department of Petén in northern Guatemala.^[5] The site covers an area of approximately {{convert|2.75|km2|sqmi}}. The southern portion of the peninsula also hosts the modern village of San Miguel, which probably covers a portion of the Postclassic occupation of the site.^[2] The peninsula fell within the core of the Postclassic Itza territory.^[4]

The protected area of the archaeological site is defined by the lakeshore to the north and west, and by the modern village of San Miguel to the south and east.^[5]

Site history

The Tayasal peninsula showed intense activity during the Late Preclassic (c. 400 BC - 250 AD).^[5] At this time, the city fully reflected ongoing developments in the Maya region, such as monumental architecture that included typical Preclassic Maya architectural forms such as the triadic pyramid and the E-Group ceremonial complex.^[6] Activity at the site continued right through to the Postclassic period.^[5] Investigations have identified that most Posclassic and colonial activity was concentrated on the southern shore of the peninsula.^[7] Very little is known about the use of the peninsula during the time of first contact with the Spanish, although early colonial accounts reported that the Itza frequently conducted rituals there.^[2] Evidence of Spanish contact includes a musketball excavated at the site.^[14] In 1702 and 1703, shortly after the Spanish conquest of Petén, Spanish missions were established on the Tayasal peninsula at San Miguel and San Bernabé,^[8] although the population of San Bernabé dropped off sharply through the course of the 18th century due to high infant mortality.^[9]

Modern history

The Tayasal archaeological site was declared a national monument in 1931. The University of Pennsylvania mapped the site in 1971, and its limits were defined by the Instituto de Antropología e Historia (Institute of Anthropology and History) in 1994.^[10] Tayasal has been excavated sporadically since the 1920s, beginning with Guthe's excavations in 1921-1922,^[11] continuing with Morley's dig in 1937 to 1938, by several others in the 1950s and 60s.^[12] The University of Pennsylvania undertook excavations in 1971, and again in 1977.^[11] The Proyecto Maya Colonial undertook a month-long investigation of the site in 1996.^[13] The Proyecto Arqueológico Tayasal was launched in 2009, with particular emphasis on the period of contact with the Spanish, and the early colonial years.^[14] The project also remapped the site with the objective of correcting any errors from the 1971 mapping project.^[15]

Site description

The University of Pennsylvania project mapped 339 structures; the city possessed large open plazas, palaces, pyramid-temples, an acropolis, defensive walls, residential buildings, and a cenote.^[10] As many as fifty burials and twelve caches have been recovered from Tayasal.^[16] The site core includes a number of large structures dating to the Classic period.^[17]

San Bernabé

The San Bernabé portion of the site occupies the northwestern area of the Tayasal peninsula.^[31] Various structures in this area have been dated to the Late Preclassic.^[20] After the Spanish conquest, San Bernabé was one of two Spanish missions established on the peninsula.^[2]

Iconography

Tayasal iconography is typical of Maya artefacts found in the surrounding Petén region that date approximately to the same time period. Examples of the imagery can be found on three excavated vases. The vases accompanied an individual who was interred at Tayasal during the Terminal Classic period; circa 8th century AD.^[26]^[27] The vases' images are thought to represent the elite status concerns, similar to those as depicted on carved stelae at neighbouring sites.^[26]

Notes

1. ^Jones et al 1981, p. 531.
2. ^¹²³Pugh and Sánchez Polo 2011, p. 6.
3. ^Pugh and Sánchez Polo 2011, p. 6. Chan Nieto et al 2012, p. 284.
4. ^¹Pugh and Sánchez Polo 2010, p. 3.
5. ^Chan Nieto et al 2012, pp. 283-4.
6. ^Chan Nieto et al 2012, pp. 284-5.
7. ^Pugh and Sánchez Polo 2011, pp. 6-7.
8. ^Pugh et al 2012, p. 625.
9. ^Pugh et al 2012, p. 626.
10. ^¹²³⁴Chan Nieto et al 2012, p. 284.
11. ^¹Chase 1985, p. 193.
12. ^Chase 1979, pp. 86-119.
13. ^¹Pugh and Sánchez Polo 2011, p. 8.
14. ^Pugh and Sánchez Polo 2010, p. 4.
15. ^Pugh and Sánchez Polo 2010, p. 12.
16. ^Chase 1983.
17. ^Pugh and Sánchez Polo 2011, p. 7.
18. ^¹²Chan Nieto et al 2012, p. 285.
19. ^Chan Nieto et al 2012, p. 285. Pugh and Sánchez Polo 2010, p. 24.
20. ^Chan Nieto et all 2012, pp. 286-287.
21. ^Pugh and Sánchez Polo 2011, p. 14.
22. ^Pugh and Sánchez Polo 2011, pp. 15-17.
23. ^Pugh and Sánchez Polo 2011, p. 17.
24. ^¹²Chan Nieto et al 2012, p. 286.
25. ^Pugh and Sánchez Polo 2011, p. 19. Estrada-Belli 2007, p. 40.
26. ^¹Chase 1985, p. 194.
27. ^Chase 1985, pp. 193-201.

Location

Site history

Modern history

Site description

San Bernabé

Iconography

Notes

References

Further reading

External links