“Tell Abu Hureyra”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The site was excavated as a rescue operation before it was flooded by Lake Assad, the reservoir of the Tabqa Dam which was being built at that time. The site was excavated by Andrew Moore in 1972 and 1973. It was limited to only two seasons of fieldwork. However, despite the limited time frame, a large amount of material was recovered and studied over the following decades. It was one of the first archaeological sites to use modern methods of excavation such as "flotation", which preserved even the tiniest and most fragile plant remains.^[1]^[3] A preliminary report was published in 1983 and a final report in 2000.^[1]

Location and description

Abu Hureyra is a tell, or ancient settlement mound, in modern-day Raqqa Governorate in northern Syria. It is on a plateau near the south bank of the Euphrates, {{convert|120|km}} east of Aleppo. The tell is a massive accumulation of collapsed houses, debris, and lost objects accumulated over the course of the habitation of the ancient village. The mound is nearly {{convert|500|m|ft}} across, {{convert|8|m|ft}} deep, and contained over {{convert|1000000|m3}} of archaeological deposits.^[3]{{RP|42}} Today the tell is inaccessible, drowned beneath the waters of Lake Assad.

Occupation history

First occupation

The village of Abu Hureyra had two separate periods of occupation: An Epipalaeolithic settlement and a Neolithic settlement. The Epipaleolithic, or Natufian, settlement was established c. 13,500 years ago.^[1] During the first settlement, the village consisted of small round huts, cut into the soft sandstone of the terrace. The roofs were supported with wooden posts, and roofed with brushwood and reeds.^[3]{{RP|40-41}} Huts contained underground storage areas for food. The inhabitants are probably most accurately described as "hunter-collectors", as they didn't only forage for immediate consumption, but built up stores for longterm food security. They settled down around their larder to protect it from animals and other humans. From the distribution of wild food plant remains found at Abu Hureyra it seems that they lived there year-round. The population was small, housing a few hundred people at most—but perhaps the largest collection of people permanently living in one place anywhere at that time.

The inhabitants of Abu Hureyra obtained food by hunting, fishing, and gathering of wild plants. Gazelle was hunted primarily during the summer, when vast herds passed by the village during their annual migration.^[2]{{RP|41-42}} These would probably be hunted communally, as mass killings also required mass processing of meat, skin, and other parts of the animal. The huge amount of food obtained in a short period was a reason for settling down permanently: it was too heavy to carry and would need to be kept protected from weather and pests.

Other prey included large wild animals such as onager, sheep, and cattle, and smaller animals such as hare, fox, and birds, which were hunted throughout the year. Different plant species were collected, from three different eco-zones within walking distance (river, forest, and steppe). Plant foods were also harvested from "wild gardens" with species gathered including wild cereal grasses such as einkorn wheat, emmer wheat, and two varieties of rye.^[2]{{RP|41}} Several large stone tools for grinding grain were found at the site.

Depopulation

After 1,300 years the hunter-gatherers of the first occupation mostly abandoned Abu Hureyra, probably because of the Younger Dryas, an intense and relatively abrupt return to glacial climate conditions which lasted over 1,000 years.^[2] The drought disrupted the migration of the gazelle and destroyed forageable plant food sources. It is likely that most of the inhabitants had to give up sedentism and return to nomadism, or they might have moved to Mureybet, just 50 km upstream on the other side of the Euphrates, which expanded dramatically at this time. It seems that a small population managed to hang on at Abu Hureyra - maybe just a few single farms or a small hamlet.

Second occupation

It is from the early part of the Younger Dryas that the first indirect evidence of agriculture was detected in the excavations at Abu Hureyra, although the cereals themselves were still of the wild variety.^[3] It was during the intentional sowing of cereals in more favourable refuges like Mureybet that these first farmers developed domesticated strains during the centuries of drought and cold of the Younger Dryas. When the climate abated about 9500 BCE they spread all over the Middle East with this new bio-technology, and Abu Hureyra grew to a large village eventually with several thousand people. The second occupation grew domesticated varieties of rye, wheat and barley, and kept sheep as livestock. The hunting of gazelle decreased sharply, probably due to overexploitation that eventually left them extinct in the Middle East. At Abu Hureyra they were replaced by meat from domesticated animals. The second occupation lasted for about 2,000 years.

Transition from foraging to farming

Some evidence has been found for cultivation of rye from 11050 BCE^[1] in the sudden rise of pollen from weed plants that typically infest newly disturbed soil. Peter Akkermans and Glenn Schwartz found this claim about epipaleolithic rye, "difficult to reconcile with the absence of cultivated cereals at Abu Hureyra and elsewhere for thousands of years afterwards".^[4] It could have been an early experiment that didn't survive and continue. It has been suggested that drier climate conditions resulting from the beginning of the Younger Dryas caused wild cereals to become scarce, leading people to begin cultivation as a means of securing a food supply. Results of recent analysis of the rye grains from this level suggest that they may actually have been domesticated during the Epipalaeolithic. It is speculated that the permanent population of the first occupation was fewer than 200 individuals.^[5] These individuals occupied several tens of square kilometers, a rich resource base of several different ecosystems. On this land they hunted, harvested food and wood, made charcoal, and may have cultivated cereals and grains for food and fuel.^[5]

References

1. ^¹²³⁴{{cite book |title=Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra |last=Moore |first=Andrew M. T. |authorlink=Andrew M.T. Moore |author2=Hillman, Gordon C. |author3=Legge, Anthony J. |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-510806-X |pages= }}
2. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite book|last=Mithen|first=Steven|title=After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20000-5000 BC|year=2006|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-674-01570-3|edition=paperback}}
3. ^Hillman 2000a: 420-1; Bar-Yosef 2002a, 2002b; Dow, Olewiler and Reed 2005
4. ^{{cite book|author1=Peter M. M. G. Akkermans|author2=Glenn M. Schwartz|title=The archaeology of Syria: from complex hunter-gatherers to early urban societies (c. 16,000-300 BC)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4oqvpAHDEoC&pg=PA72|accessdate=27 June 2011|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79666-8|pages=72–}}
5. ^¹{{cite journal |last=Hillman |first=Gordon C. |author2=A. J. Legge |author3=P. A. Rowle-Conwy | year=1997 |title=On the Charred Seeds from Epipalaeolithic Abu Hureyra: Food or Fuel? |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=651–655 | doi=10.1086/204651 }}

History of research